M Lafon

..This study has provided evidence that human brain neurons can express TLR-3 in vivo and suggests that neurons may play an important role in initiating an inflammatory reaction in a variety of neurological diseases...

..Implications of these findings for rabies treatment are discussed...

..This strategy includes protection against virus-mediated apoptosis and destruction of T cells that invade the CNS in response to infection...

..However, little is known of the role of these molecules in vivo. This review proposes a speculative model that accounts for the role of these different molecules in entry and trafficking of rabies virus into the nervous system...

..HLA-G may therefore be involved in the escape of certain viruses from the immune response in the nervous system...

..This work firmly establishes that human neurons, in absence of glia, have the intrinsic machinery to trigger robust inflammatory, chemoattractive, and antiviral responses...

..They show that the B7-H1/PD-1 pathway can be exploited locally and in an organ specific manner--here the nervous system--by a neurotropic virus to promote successful host invasion...

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..Thus, neurotropic viruses that escape the host immune response totally (RABV) or partially (HSV-1) regulate HLA-G expression on human neuronal cells differentially...

..Thus, human neurons can mount an innate immunity response to double-stranded RNA. These observations firmly establish that human neurons, in absence of glia, have the intrinsic machinery to sense virus infection...

..The recent observation that herpes virus latency may confer protection against experimental bacterial infection suggests that unexpected symbiosis may exist between latent viruses and the infected nervous system of its host...

..Thus, rabies virus seems to use an immunosubversive strategy that takes advantage of the immune privilege status of the CNS...

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..This study shows how viruses can exploit cellular proteins and compartmentalisation for their own benefit...

..Thus, we propose that attenuation of rabies virus requires expansion of the set of host PDZ proteins with which G interacts, which interferes with the finely tuned homeostasis required for survival of the infected neuron...

..In conclusion, rabies virus-mediated eye disease provides a new model for studying mechanisms regulating immune privilege during viral infection...

..Thus, in infections with live RV vaccine strains, infected cells may be productive reservoirs of virus in the long term. This may account for the high efficacy of live rabies vaccines...

..G8-ICs express high levels of MHC class II, stain for viral Ag, and are localized in the paracortical zone of lymph nodes, strongly suggesting they are previously unidentified APCs that appear in response to viral infection...

..Only RV containing the G protein from the nonpathogenic RV strain was able to trigger the apoptosis of human cells. Thus, the ability of RV strains to induce apoptosis is largely determined by the viral G protein...

..No other virus proteins than G of nonpathogenic RV strains induce apoptosis, and the G polypeptide of RV is a critical determinant for apoptosis in human cells...

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..The BMRB accession code is 155972...

..Adult mouse dorsal root ganglion cultures can be regarded as being a useful model for detecting therapeutic targets and evaluating experimental antiviral drugs...

..Paralytic rabies is characterized by delayed viral neuroinvasion and a more intense inflammation than furious rabies. Dogs may be a good model for study of the host inflammatory responses that may modulate rabies virus neuroinvasiveness...