Olli Ruuskanen

..SAD is common in young children with recurrent respiratory infections, but it is often transient and resolves itself within a few years without specific treatment...

..Furthermore, regional differences in cause of pneumonia should be investigated, in particular to obtain more data from developing countries...

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..Respiratory viruses occur frequently in the community and are a common cause of fever in children. Data on respiratory viral infections in children with cancer are limited...

..It is important that corticosteroid intervention trials have strict design for these potentially confounding factors...

..Adenoviruses were the only viral agents that often increased total white blood cell counts or serum C-reactive protein levels...

..AOM with tympanostomy tube otorrhea provides a unique opportunity to study the appearance and disappearance of pathogens during the course of the disease without stressing the child...

..033 for both). Prospectively designed clinical trial is needed to test the hypothesis that prednisolone reduces symptoms in picornavirus-affected wheezing children...

..Our studies corroborate the major contribution of rhinovirus to hospitalization of children, most often because of wheezing. Young children with respiratory symptoms are major spreaders of rhinovirus in family setting...

..Human metapneumovirus was detected in 4% of all children and in 11% of infants. To prevent and treat acute expiratory wheezing illnesses in children, efforts should be focused on RSV, enterovirus, and rhinovirus infections...

..The best currently available diagnostic approaches are quantitative PCR and serology. This concise review summarizes the current clinical knowledge on HBoV species...

..The role of systemic corticosteroids in the treatment of early childhood wheezing in children is not clear...

..We studied whether bilateral AOM is a clinically more severe illness than unilateral AOM by comparing symptoms and otoscopic signs between bilateral and unilateral AOM...

..Febrile infections in children with leukemia are common. The occurrence of possible mixed bacterial-viral infections is unknown...

..Rhinovirus-induced early wheezing has been suggested as a new important risk factor for recurrent wheezing...

..Diagnostic criteria for bronchiolitis are variable...

..The occurrence of respiratory tract viral infections in patients with primary hypogammaglobulinemia has not been studied...

..We also compared scores including or excluding tympanic-membrane examination of children with and without AOM...

..Mucosal coinfections with respiratory viruses and Streptococcus pneumoniae are common, but the role of rhinovirus infections in the development of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in children has not been studied...

..Outcomes included hospitalization time, duration of symptoms, and occurrence of relapses. No efficacy of prednisolone was found in children with serologically confirmed acute human bocavirus infection...

..The risk is more important than that associated with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease. No comparative data are available on the immune responses of these diseases...

..Acute wheezing is the most frequent manifestation in hospital setting, but the range of clinical presentations is wide. Group C rhinoviruses may account for a large part of rhinovirus hospitalizations...

..One of them had five consecutive febrile episodes during 6 months, all associated with the presence of human bocavirus at varying viral loads, suggesting prolonged shedding or reactivation of the virus...

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..The efficacy of antimicrobial treatment in children with acute otitis media remains controversial...

..This article briefly reviews the clinical significance of newly discovered respiratory viruses...

..The aim of the study was to find clinical predictors for parapneumonic empyema in children...

..To study bacteria and viruses in maxillary sinuses of patients with primary hypogammaglobulinemia receiving immunoglobulin therapy...

..To understand relationships between microbes in pathogenesis of acute otitis media during respiratory tract infections, we compared nasopharyngeal bacteria and respiratory viruses in symptomatic children with and without AOM...

..C4 gene testing should be added to the list of investigations when the cause for recurrent acute otitis media, maxillary sinusitis, or pneumonia in children and young adults is sought...

..Our aim was to specify the full etiology of acute middle ear infection by using modern microbiological methods concomitantly for bacterial and viral detection...

..children are frequently hospitalized with influenza-associated illnesses. Few virologically confirmed population-based studies of pediatric hospitalizations performed during several consecutive seasons are vailable...

..In conclusion, WBC and CRP are commonly discrepant in febrile children. Measuring both markers increases substantially the detection rate of bacterial infections...

..Parental expectations and their awareness of antimicrobial use and resistance, which may also be influenced by the guidelines, are not yet completely known...

..The authors address the question how respiratory syncytial virus and rhinovirus infections in young children, together with genetics and immunologic immaturity, may contribute to the development of asthma...

..This paper reviews the progress in PCR assays and discusses their role in the diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infections in children...

..To better understand the role of human rhinovirus-associated wheeze as a risk factor for childhood recurrent wheezing, a cohort of young children experiencing their first wheezing episode was followed until school age...

..Our aim was to study whether delayed, as compared with immediate, initiation of antimicrobial treatment worsens the recovery from acute otitis media in young children...

..Data regarding these viruses and the elderly are scarce. This review introduces these new viruses and reviews their clinical significance, especially with regard to the elderly population...

..Rhinoviruses are the most common cause of respiratory tract infections, but the transmission in families has not been studied using sensitive and specific molecular detection methods...

..Human metapneumovirus is a clinically important causative agent of acute wheezing in young children...

..Systemic or inhaled corticosteroid treatment did not affect the duration of the symptoms. NEHI may mimic severe asthma and thus this entity should be taken into account when evaluating infants with chronic respiratory symptoms...

..Contrast enhancement may be useful in the differentiation of active inflammation from noninflammatory changes. MRI can be particularly useful in the follow-up of children with chronic pulmonary diseases...

..The clinical features of HBoV infection have not yet been fully elucidated. We report an invasive HBoV infection and hepatitis in a boy with cartilage-hair hypoplasia and severe T-cell immunodeficiency...

..Laboratory confirmation of influenza is particularly important for children because the clinical presentation of the infection is less characteristic than that seen in adults...

..The aim of this study was to describe the frequency and characteristics of laboratory-documented and radiologically detected influenza pneumonia in children...

..Conclusion In this report, we describe a newborn with two exceptionally rapid recurrences of group B streptococcal septicemias, and who was successfully treated with combining rifampin to the antibiotic regimen...

..The objective of this study was to assess whether amoxicillin-clavulanate accelerates the resolution of acute tube otorrhea...

..Viral gastroenteritis may contribute to epithelial homeostasis of the intestine and exacerbate the effects of toxins produced by C. difficile ribotype 027...

..Controlled, prospective, clinical trials are warranted, to analyze the pharmacokinetics of ganciclovir in infants...

..The study shows that after the onset of symptomatic respiratory infection enterovirus RNA may take 2-3 weeks and rhinovirus RNA 5-6 weeks to disappear from nasal mucus...

..Expensive and time-consuming microbiological investigations are not required once bacterial sepsis has been excluded...

..The sensitivity of nasal swabs was comparable to that of nasopharyngeal aspirates for the detection of all major respiratory viruses except respiratory syncytial virus...

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..By several indicators the clinical picture of croup caused by influenza viruses was significantly more severe than that caused by parainfluenza viruses...

..However, in situ hybridization procedure appeared to be an interesting methodology to investigate the physiopathology of respiratory tract infection by rhinoviruses...

..It has been detected primarily in children with acute lower respiratory tract infection, but its occurrence, clinical profile, and role as a causative agent of respiratory tract disease are not clear...

..Rhinovirus (21%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (21%) were the most common pathogens. Our results demonstrate the importance of viral and pneumococcal infections among those patients...

..Moreover, nothing is known of HBoV immunity. We examined HBoV-specific systemic B cell responses and assessed their diagnostic use in young children with respiratory disease...

..These results provide a proof of concept for the diagnostic use of microarray technology based on broad-range topoisomerase gene amplification, followed by hybridization and specific detection of bacterial species...

..In the intron 4 there is a substitution of two bases. Carrier detection was performed in four families. In one case the mutation was found to be de novo...

..Zanamivir was well tolerated and was effective in preventing influenza types A and B within households where the index patient was not treated...