Assessing posttraumatic stress disorder with or without reference to a single, worst traumatic event: examining differences in factor structureJon D Elhai
Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606 3390, USA
Psychol Assess 21:629-34. 2009
..Measurement invariance testing revealed that non-trauma-exposed participants were different from both trauma-exposed groups on factor structure parameters, but trauma groups were not substantially different from each other...
- Diagnostic alterations for post-traumatic stress disorder: examining data from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication and National Survey of Adolescents
Jon D Elhai
Disaster Mental Health Institute, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069 2390, USA
Psychol Med 39:1957-66. 2009
..The present study examines the impact of using these structural models for the diagnosis of lifetime PTSD while retaining the DSM-IV PTSD's six-symptom diagnostic requirement...
Outpatient medical and mental healthcare utilization models among military veterans: results from the 2001 National Survey of VeteransJon D Elhai
Disaster Mental Health Institute, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
J Psychiatr Res 42:858-67. 2008
..The results demonstrate that need remains an important factor that drives healthcare use among veterans and does not seem to be overshadowed by socioeconomic factors that may create unfair disparities in treatment access...
- Sociodemographic, perceived and objective need indicators of mental health treatment use and treatment-seeking intentions among primary care medical patients
Jon D Elhai
Disaster Mental Health Institute, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069 2390, United States
Psychiatry Res 165:145-53. 2009
....
- Age differences in posttraumatic stress disorder, psychiatric disorders, and healthcare service use among veterans in Veterans Affairs primary care clinics
B Christopher Frueh
Department of Psychology, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 15:660-72. 2007
..To expand our understanding of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) prevalence, its psychiatric characteristics, and service use among elderly veterans in Veterans Affairs (VA) primary care clinics...
- Examining the uniqueness of frequency and intensity symptom ratings in posttraumatic stress disorder assessment
Jon D Elhai
Disaster Mental Health Institute, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota 57069 2390, USA
J Nerv Ment Dis 194:940-4. 2006
..Implications for future PTSD clinical and research assessment are discussed, including the potential to decrease administration time for these commonly used PTSD measures, given their time-consuming nature...
- Reliability and validity of the Trauma Symptom Inventory with veterans evaluated for posttraumatic stress disorder
Jessica J Snyder
Department of Psychology, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA
Psychiatry Res 170:256-61. 2009
..Structural validity was also supported in confirmatory factor analyses, with a three-factor model, and a similar model merging two of these three factors, best fitting the observed data...
- Correlates of mental health service use intensity in the National Comorbidity Survey and National Comorbidity Survey Replication
Jon D Elhai
Disaster Mental Health Institute, University of South Dakota, 414 E Clark Street, South Dakota Union 114, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
Psychiatr Serv 58:1108-15. 2007
..This study explored sociodemographic and mental health correlates of intensity of mental health care use in two large-scale surveys, aiming to discover the set of correlates with the greatest predictive capacity...
- Empirical examination of a proposed refinement to DSM-IV posttraumatic stress disorder symptom criteria using the National Comorbidity Survey Replication data
Jon D Elhai
Disaster Mental Health Institute, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion 57069 2390, USA
J Clin Psychiatry 69:597-602. 2008
....
- The PTSD symptom scale's latent structure: an examination of trauma-exposed medical patients
James A Naifeh
Disaster Mental Health Institute, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069 2390, United States
J Anxiety Disord 22:1355-68. 2008
..Implications of the results are discussed, and a framework is proposed for resolving discrepant findings in the PTSD CFA literature...
- Reliability and validity of the Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale-Short Form
Jon D Elhai
Disaster Mental Health Institute, The University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark Street SDU 114, Vermillion, South Dakota 57069 2390, USA
Psychiatry Res 159:320-9. 2008
..Implications for future research on mental healthcare use correlates are discussed, as well as the need for enhancing peoples' attitudes toward treatment...
- Statistical procedures for analyzing mental health services data
Jon D Elhai
Disaster Mental Health Institute, The University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark Street, Vermillion, SD 57069 2390, USA
Psychiatry Res 160:129-36. 2008
..Implications of matching data analytic techniques appropriately with the often complexly distributed datasets of mental health services utilization variables are discussed...
- Posttraumatic stress disorder's frequency and intensity ratings are associated with factor structure differences in military veterans
Jon D Elhai
Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606 3390, USA
Psychol Assess 22:723-8. 2010
..Implications for the clinical assessment of PTSD and interpretation of the extant literature base on PTSD's factor structure are considered...
- Posttraumatic stress disorder in DSM-5: estimates of prevalence and symptom structure in a nonclinical sample of college students
Jon D Elhai
Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Mail Stop 948, 2801 W Bancroft St, Toledo, OH 43606 3390, USA www jon elhai com
J Anxiety Disord 26:58-64. 2012
..4-1.8% points higher for the DSM-5 (vs. the DSM-IV) diagnostic algorithm. The DSM-5 symptom set fit the data very well based on confirmatory factor analysis, and neither symptom set's factors were more correlated with depression...
- Clinical profile differences between PTSD-diagnosed military veterans and crime victims
James A Naifeh
Disaster Mental Health Institute, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069 2390, USA
J Trauma Dissociation 9:321-34. 2008
..Some potential implications of these findings and considerations for future research are discussed...
- Psychiatric symptoms and health service utilization in rural and urban combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder
Jon D Elhai
Disaster Mental Health Institute, University of South Dakota, Vermillion 57069 2390, USA
J Nerv Ment Dis 192:701-4. 2004
..Rural combat PTSD patients therefore seem to have similar mental health needs compared with their urban counterparts, with important service delivery implications...
- Differences in posttraumatic stress disorder diagnostic rates and symptom severity between Criterion A1 and non-Criterion A1 stressors
Mary E Long
Disaster Mental Health Institute, Department of Psychology, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
J Anxiety Disord 22:1255-63. 2008
..Similar patterns of differences in PTSD scores between stressor types were also found across the three PTSD symptom criteria. Implications are discussed as to the ongoing controversy of the PTSD construct...
- Exploring the relationship between underlying dimensions of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in a national, trauma-exposed military sample
Jon D Elhai
Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Ohio 43606 3390, USA http www jon elhai com
J Affect Disord 133:477-80. 2011
..Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression are highly comorbid and intercorrelated. Yet little research has examined the underlying processes explaining their interrelationship...
- Symptom severity and lifetime and prospective health service use among military veterans evaluated for PTSD
Jon D Elhai
Disaster Mental Health Institute, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota 57069 2390, USA
Depress Anxiety 24:178-84. 2007
..Health problems were related to prospective medical service use. Clinical and administrative implications in predicting health care use among trauma survivors are discussed...
- Gender- and trauma-related predictors of use of mental health treatment services among primary care patients
Jon D Elhai
Disaster Mental Health Institute, University of South Dakota, Vermillion 57069, USA
Psychiatr Serv 57:1505-9. 2006
..Use of mental health care was investigated as a function of gender, traumatic event frequency, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and attitudes toward treatment among 194 primary care patients...
- Varying cautionary instructions, monetary incentives, and comorbid diagnostic training in malingered psychopathology research
Jon D Elhai
Disaster Mental Health Institute, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069 2390, USA
J Pers Assess 88:328-37. 2007
..We discuss malingering research design implications regarding the use of cautionary instructions, financial incentive levels, and comorbid training...
- Relations between the underlying dimensions of PTSD and major depression using an epidemiological survey of deployed Ohio National Guard soldiers
Tracey L Biehn
Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Mail Stop 948, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606 3390, United States
J Affect Disord 144:106-11. 2013
..In the present study, the authors investigated the relationship between the underlying symptom dimensions of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and dimensions of major depressive disorder (MDD)...
- The SCID PTSD module's trauma screen: validity with two samples in detecting trauma history
Jon D Elhai
Disaster Mental Health Institute, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota 57069 2390, USA
Depress Anxiety 25:737-41. 2008
..Our results lend support to previous research establishing the SCID trauma screen as a useful screening device in settings where a more comprehensive trauma screen is not possible...
- Evidence for a unique PTSD construct represented by PTSD's D1-D3 symptoms
Jon D Elhai
Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
J Anxiety Disord 25:340-5. 2011
..These three symptoms may represent a unique latent construct. Implications are discussed...
US Department of Veterans Affairs disability policies for posttraumatic stress disorder: administrative trends and implications for treatment, rehabilitation, and researchB Christopher Frueh
Department of Psychology, University of Hawai i, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
Am J Public Health 97:2143-5. 2007
..Current VA disability policies require fundamental reform to bring them into line with modern science and medicine, including current empirically supported concepts of resilience and psychiatric rehabilitation...
- Psychometric properties of the Trauma Assessment for Adults
Matt J Gray
Department of Psychology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071 3415, USA
Depress Anxiety 26:190-5. 2009
..The objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the psychometric properties of this frequently used measure...
- Measurement differences from rating posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in response to differentially distressing traumatic events
Jon D Elhai
Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
Assessment 19:299-307. 2012
..Results generally support the recommended PTSD assessment protocol instructing participants to rate PTSD symptoms from a single, worst index event...
- Heterogeneity in clinical presentations of posttraumatic stress disorder among medical patients: testing factor structure variation using factor mixture modeling
Jon D Elhai
Department of Psychology, University of Toledo
J Trauma Stress 24:435-43. 2011
..The 3-class model fit the data very well and was validated against external measures of anxiety and rumination...
- Utility of the trauma symptom inventory's atypical response scale in detecting malingered post-traumatic stress disorder
Jon D Elhai
Disaster Mental Health Institute, University of South Dakota, Vermillion 57069 2390, USA
Assessment 12:210-9. 2005
..66, NPP = .54). Although ATR was not developed as a malingered PTSD screen, instead serving as a general validity screen, caution is recommended in its current clinical use for detecting malingered PTSD...
- PTSD factor structure differences between veterans with and without a PTSD diagnosis
Tracey L Biehn
Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, 2801 W Bancroft St, Toledo, OH 43606 3390, United States
J Anxiety Disord 26:480-5. 2012
..This study contributes to our understanding of how a PTSD diagnosis impacts the structure of PTSD symptoms at the latent level...
- Testing whether posttraumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder are similar or unique constructs
Jon D Elhai
Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606 3390, USA
J Anxiety Disord 25:404-10. 2011
..Results raise further questions about PTSD's distinctiveness from MDD, and the causes of their comorbidity...
- Rape myth acceptance, sexual trauma history, and posttraumatic stress disorder
Shannon N Baugher
University of South Dakota, Vermillion, USA
J Interpers Violence 25:2036-53. 2010
..PTSD did not moderate RMA's relationship with attitudes toward women and GRI. This study has clinical implications for treatment as well as for the development of rape myth-dispelling programs...
- Clinical symptomatology of posttraumatic stress disorder-diagnosed Australian and United States Vietnam combat veterans: an MMPI-2 comparison
Jon D Elhai
Disaster Mental Health Institute, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark Street, SDU 114, Vermillion, South Dakota 57069-2390, USA
J Nerv Ment Dis 191:458-64. 2003
..Results suggest that American and Australian Vietnam combat PTSD samples are very similar to each other, with implications for the treatment outcome literature...
- Discriminating malingered from genuine civilian posttraumatic stress disorder: a validation of three MMPI-2 Infrequency scales (F, Fp, and Fptsd)
Jon D Elhai
Disaster Mental Health Institute, University of South Dakota, Vermillion 57069 2390, USA
Assessment 11:139-44. 2004
..Analyses demonstrated Fptsd's incremental validity over F but not over Fp. Based on the two studies examining Fptsd, Fptsd may be more appropriate for combat trauma victims, and Fp may be more appropriate for civilian trauma victims...
- Comparing posttraumatic stress disorder's symptom structure between deployed and nondeployed veterans
Ryan M Engdahl
Disaster Mental Health Institute, University of South Dakota, SD, USA
Psychol Assess 23:1-6. 2011
....
- Anhedonia and emotional numbing in combat veterans with PTSD
Todd B Kashdan
Department of Psychology, MS 3F5, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
Behav Res Ther 44:457-67. 2006
..Results were consistent with research on the distinction of appetitive and aversive functioning, providing insight into the nature of PTSD...
- Predictors of general medical and psychological treatment use among a national sample of peacekeeping veterans with health problems
Jon D Elhai
Disaster Mental Health Institute, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA
J Anxiety Disord 21:580-9. 2007
..This study highlights the importance of an integrated primary care-mental health service delivery model for veterans...
- Mental health service use among American Red Cross disaster workers responding to the September 11, 2001 U.S. terrorist attacks
Jon D Elhai
Disaster Mental Health Institute, University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark Street SDU 114, Vermillion, SD 57069 2390, USA
Psychiatry Res 143:29-34. 2006
..Findings support other recent research on MH service use after the September 11 attacks...
- Therapist fidelity with an exposure-based treatment of PTSD in adults with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder
Mary E Long
Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, USA
J Clin Psychol 66:383-93. 2010
....
- The role of cognitions in imagery rescripting for posttraumatic nightmares
Mary E Long
Michael E DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
J Clin Psychol 67:1008-16. 2011
..These findings provide preliminary evidence that trauma-related cognitions may improve over time as a result of imagery rescripting...
- Imagery rescripting and exposure group treatment of posttraumatic nightmares in Veterans with PTSD
Mary E Long
Michael E DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
J Anxiety Disord 25:531-5. 2011
..These preliminary findings suggest that a nightmares treatment can be adapted to successfully reduce distress associated with combat Veterans' chronic nightmares. Clinical and research implications are discussed...
- Heterogeneity in the latent structure of PTSD symptoms among Canadian veterans
James A Naifeh
Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
Psychol Assess 22:666-74. 2010
..For both factor models, class membership was significantly predicted by age and depression diagnosis. Implications of these findings are discussed...
- The factor structure of major depression symptoms: a test of four competing models using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9
Jon D Elhai
Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606 3390, USA
Psychiatry Res 199:169-73. 2012
..2010) and Richardson and Richards (2008). Implications for understanding the components and mechanisms of MDD are discussed...
- Posttraumatic stress disorder, poor physical health and substance use behaviors in a national trauma-exposed sample
Ariel L Del Gaizo
Disaster Mental Health Institute, Department of Psychology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States
Psychiatry Res 188:390-5. 2011
..However, substance use behaviors did not significantly mediate the relationship between PTSD and poor physical health...
- An experimental comparison of index traumatic event queries in PTSD assessment
James A Naifeh
Disaster Mental Health Institute, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States
J Anxiety Disord 24:155-60. 2010
..The queries varied in their emphasis on current distress and description of PTSD criteria. Findings revealed no significant differences between groups, providing preliminary support for the "worst event" method...
- Enhancing patient satisfaction and increasing treatment compliance: patient education as a fundamental component of PTSD treatment
Matt J Gray
Department of Psychology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071 3415, USA
Psychiatr Q 75:321-32. 2004
..Participants reported very high satisfaction with services, increased awareness of PTSD treatment options, greater optimism and symptom improvement and enhanced motivation to continue with treatment as a result of attending the group...
- Posttraumatic stress disorder instrument wording content is associated with differences in factor structure
Jon D Elhai
Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606 3390, USA
J Trauma Stress 24:208-12. 2011
..03. For the PTSD Symptom Scale, the numbing model's BIC was 6161.38 compared to the dysphoria model's BIC of 6102.87. Groups differed on variable intercepts and residual variances. Instrument and construct implications are discussed...
- Clinical presentations in combat veterans diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder
Jon D Elhai
Disaster Mental Heealth Institute, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, 57069 2390, USA
J Clin Psychol 59:385-97. 2003
..1990). Clusters also were different in disability-seeking status, employment status, and income. Implications for research and clinical practice using the MMPI-2 with combat veterans presenting with PTSD are briefly addressed...
- Which instruments are most commonly used to assess traumatic event exposure and posttraumatic effects?: A survey of traumatic stress professionals
Jon D Elhai
Disaster Mental Health Institute, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota 57069 2390, USA
J Trauma Stress 18:541-5. 2005
..Highest professional degree, time since degree award, and student status yielded no differences in extent of reported trauma assessment test use...
- The factor structure of posttraumatic stress disorder: a literature update, critique of methodology, and agenda for future research
Jon D Elhai
Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Mail Stop 948, 2801 W Bancroft St, Toledo, OH 43606 3390, USA www jon elhai com
J Anxiety Disord 25:849-54. 2011
....
