Ismail A Shafik

..We investigated the hypothesis that external urethral sphincter contraction induces cavernosus muscles' contraction...

..The anterolateral abdominal wall muscles (AAWMs) are composed of the external and internal oblique, transversus abdominis, and the rectus abdominis muscles...

..Specialized pacemaker cells, similar to the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) of the gut, have been detected in the urinary organs and are thought to pace their motile activity...

..Further studies to investigate the role of the perineal muscles in the functional disorders of the perineum are needed...

..We investigated the hypothesis that the AAWM exhibit increased electromyographic (EMG) activity on vesical distension and contraction that presumably assists in vesical evacuation...

..The electro-cavernosograms of these patients recorded a diminished activity. We investigated the hypothesis that diminished corpus cavernosum electromyography activity was the cause of erectile dysfunction in these patients...

..These findings suggest presence of a 'straining-abdominal wall reflex'...

..The composition of voided urine does not seem to compare to renal pelvic urine. This concept needs to be considered in urine analysis evaluation and its relation to renal function...

..To prove the hypothesis that cavernosus muscles' contraction during coitus affects the reflex contraction of anal sphincters...

..Further research is needed to define the optimal test of sperm chromatin structure. The clinical application of this test will evolve as well...

..6+/-0.04 cm length was detected at the duodeno-jejunal junction. Together, the findings show that a high pressure zone exists at the duodeno-jejunal junction suggesting that this region might act as a physiological sphincter...

..3+/-7.3 seconds, showed a significant increase in wave parameters and sounded the alarm. The findings show a method for early detection of defecation that can be used clinically to prevent fecal soiling in infants...

..In the rest of the colon, a chain of ICCs extended in the colonic wall in a linear fashion forming the 'pacemaker bundles' (PMBs). We postulate that the colonic electric waves start at the PMNs and spread in the colon along the PMBs...

..ICC distribution was different in the various types of ED. It is suggested that this distribution interferes with SW discharge and the control of SMC activity with a resulting ED...

..Thus, these techniques are recommended for basic research rather than for routine andrology laboratories...

..Cavernosus muscle contraction on corporal pressure elevation seems to be reflex and mediated through the corporo-cavernosal reflex (CCR). Changes in the evoked response amplitude would indicate a defect in the reflex pathway...

..Further studies are needed to investigate the cause of Cajal-cell absence...

..Although it has been mentioned that the prostate contracts at ejaculation, a report of this finding could not be traced in published studies...

..3 cmH2O, respectively. There was no significant difference between covered and non-covered corpora or between test and control animals. In conclusion, the TA seems to act as a cover to the corporal tissue. Its absence did not change ICP...

..We investigated the hypothesis that the crural diaphragm shares in the barrier function not only mechanically but also actively through a crural-esophageal-gastric reflex action...

..The cavernoso-urethral reflex can act a diagnostic tool in the investigations of patients with ejaculatory disorders...

..The effect of pathologic conditions of the TA on ejaculation needs to be studied...

..These cells may be responsible for initiating the slow waves (SWs) recorded from the SMC of the FT. This is a preliminary study, and further studies are needed to investigate the functional role of these cells...

..Therefore, we investigated the hypothesis that rectal warming effects rectal dilation, which seems to indicate the existence of warm receptors...

..We investigated the hypothesis that the oviduct exhibits increased motile activity during cervical buffeting...

..However, further studies involving large number of cases are needed...

..Microscopic examination of TA biopsies showed atrophy of the collagen fibres. Tunical overlapping aims at correction of TA flabbiness, corporal tissue support and improving of veno-occlusive mechanism...

..These findings presumably indicate that the ureteral urothelium is a functioning epithelium and that the renal pelvic and ureteric urine are not identical...

..In the current study, the hypothesis that the salivary glands' response to esophageal acidification is a reflex was investigated...

..Considering the type of cavernosus muscles insertion into the TA, it appears that the fibrous belt exerts more CC compression than the other 2 types of insertion...

..The reflex may prove of diagnostic significance in sexual function disorders, a point that needs further study...

..The function of perineal muscles at defecation is poorly addressed in the literature. We investigated the hypothesis that rectal distension effects reflex contraction of four perineal muscles...

..We investigated the hypothesis that a continent mechanism seems to exist at the rectosigmoidal junction (RSJ), preventing the direct passage of stools from the descending colon to the rectum...

..To investigate the hypothesis that cervical buffeting during coitus effects reflex relaxation and dilatation of the corpus uteri (CorU) smooth muscle; that mechanism acts to suck the ejected semen into the CorU...

..We investigated the hypothesis that the transcutaneous electro-orchidogram (EOG) can act as a diagnostic tool in testicular pathological conditions...

..We investigated the hypothesis that urine passage through the urethra effects EAS contraction to guard against possible flatus or stool leakage during micturition...

..We investigated the hypothesis that perineal body is the site across which perineal muscles pass uninterrupted from one side to the other...

..Duodenojejunal junction (DJJ) pressure decreased on duodenal contraction and increased on jejunal contraction. These findings postulated potential existence of anatomical sphincter at DJJ...

..We investigated the hypothesis that testicles and scrotal skin undergo morphologic changes that would serve the mechanism of erection and ejaculation...

..They exhibited significant increase in anal outlet obstruction patients over the healthy volunteers. There was no significant difference between pelvic floor electromyographic lag time and opening time readings...

..We investigated the hypothesis that urethral stimulation effects vesical contraction...

..We investigated the hypothesis that external (EUS) and internal (IUS) urethral sphincters and urinary bladder (UB) respond to penile thrusting (PT) of vagina in a way that prevents urinary leakage during coitus...

..Meanwhile, the elevated intravaginal pressure presumably supports the rectovaginal septum against the concomitant high intrarectal pressure...

..We investigated the hypothesis that distension of either ileum or jejunum would affect the motile activity of the other...

..We investigated the hypothesis that the passage of urine through the urethra stimulates the corporal tissue and cavernosus muscles...

..To investigate the hypothesis that glans clitoris (GC) penile buffeting effects contraction of the vaginal musculature and seems to increase arousal of the penis during coitus...

..To investigate the mechanism of action of thermal cutaneous stimulation on the gastric motor inhibition...

..We investigated the hypothesis that percutaneous perineal stimulation evokes erection in patients with neurogenic erectile dysfunction...

..At orgasm, the electromyography of ischio-and bulbo-cavernosus muscles increased intermittently. The female orgasm was not associated with the appearance of fluid coming out of the vagina or urethra...

..The authors hypothesized that gastric overdistension effects an increase in pharyngo-esophageal and lower esophageal sphincter activity aimed at inhibiting ingestion...

..We investigated hypothesis that tunica albuginea atrophy with a resulting subluxation and redundancy effects venous leakage during erection...

..Studies have shown that the greatest collection of ICCs occurred in the upper part of the posterior vaginal wall. The vaginal electric waves are suggested to originate from this 'centre' and spread caudally...

..To investigate whether the degree of rectal distension could define the rectum functions as a conduit or reservoir...

..As there is no significant difference between opening time and pelvic floor muscles electromyographic lag time, it appears easier to apply the latter as it is simple, objective, and noninvasive...

..Mechanism of testicular elevation during erection is not known. We investigated the hypothesis that erection evokes reflex cremasteric muscle (CM) contraction which effects testicular elevation...

..Similarly, stimulation of the anesthetized GC produced no EAS or BCM response. The BCM and EAS apparently constitute a single muscle, which seems to play dual and yet synchronous roles in fecal control and sexual response...

..The current view holds that gastric emptying is effected by the force of the antral peristaltic wave squeezing food particles through pyloric sphincter resistance. Whether this is accomplished by a reflex action was investigated...

..Urinary retention may also occur after anorectal operations. We investigated the hypothesis that rectal distension affects vesical dilatation through a reflex action...

..Clinical manifestations and investigative results improved after SLC release in 80.9% of the cases. We assume that these results denote traumatization of the PN not only in the PC but also in the SLC...

..It is claimed that the tunica albuginea (TA) shares in the erectile mechanism by compressing the emissary veins passing through it. However, the TA does not contain smooth muscle fibers...

..quot; Sinusoidal and cavernosus muscles' response during coitus appears to effect a degree of tumescence for both male and female partners...

..To investigate the hypothesis that duodenal bulb (DB) inhibition on pyloric antrum (PA) contraction is reflex...

..We investigated the hypothesis that the AAWMs exhibit increased electromyographic (EMG) activity on rectal distension, which presumably assists in rectal evacuation...

..Hence the identification of cold receptors sensitive to cold temperature in the rectal wall has so far not been reported in the literature. We investigated the hypothesis that rectal cooling effected an increase of the rectal tone...

..To investigate the hypothesis that duodeno-jejunal dyssynergia existed at the duodeno-jejunal junction...

..This had led to loss of the veno-occlusive mechanism of the TA and venous leakage during erection...

..The SCR may prove of diagnostic significance in neurogenic disorders provided further studies are performed in this respect...

..The latter two actions occurring on micturition are suggested to be mediated through a reflex called "urethro-corporocavernosal reflex" and effect a mild degree of clitoral tumescence...

..The aim of the study was to perform histomorphologic, endoscopic, and radiologic studies of the ileocecal junction (ICJ). A clearer understanding of the anatomical structure of the ICJ may shed some light on its function...

..The current study investigated the effect of ileal and jejunal distension on the gastric motility, aiming at elucidating the possible existence of a relationship and its role in the flow through the gut...

..quot; This reflex seems to be evoked during increased intra-abdominal pressure and to effect LES contraction, thus, sharing with other factors in prevention of gastroesophageal reflux...

..In this study, the hypothesis that detrusor contraction effects dilatation of the non-sphincteric part of the urethra was investigated...

..We investigated the hypothesis that, upon vaginal distension, UB undergoes inhibited activity, while external and internal urethral sphincters (IUS) exhibit increased activity in order to guard against urine leakage during coitus...

..We investigated the hypothesis that these muscles act to support the perineum during increased intraabdominal pressure (IAP)...

..The giant migrating contractions of the colon that move the food bolus from the cecum to the transverse colon are suggested to be a function of the longitudinal muscle electric activation with gut lumen modulation by the circular fibers...

..This effect was postulated to occur through the recto-colic reflex. As the colonic status in rectal inertia constipation was scarcely addressed in the literature, we investigated this point...

..Further studies are required to investigate the cause of the dysrhythmic pattern and the electrovesicogram is suggested as an investigative tool in OAB diagnosis...

..A histopathologic study of the septum in rectocele seems necessary...

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..This condition of 'overactive CC' should be considered in the diagnosis of ED. However, further studies in the pathogenesis of the condition are warranted...

..The latter presumably propels the semen from the posterior to the pendulous urethra. It is suggested that the urethrocavernosus reflex be included in current andrologic investigations for patients with ejaculatory disorders...

..We investigated the hypothesis that the abnormal rectal contractility in URDS may be caused by deranged rectal electric activity...

..We investigated the hypothesis that lower esophageal sphincter (LES) dilatation rather than the refluxed acid affected reflex increase in the esophageal peristaltic activity aiming at clearing the esophagus of the refluxed acid...

..We investigated the hypothesis that the anal sphincters and the rectum respond to penile thrusting in a way that prevents gas and fecal leakage during sexual intercourse...

..The results of the current study encourage the treatment of overactive bladder with PFM contractions...

..Ex-pacemaker stimulation presumably leads to local activation of interstitial cells of Cajal and segmental step-wise contraction...

..These results have probably clinical significance when performing electrorectograms for various rectal pathologic conditions as well as when applying an artificial pacemaker to the non-contractile rectum...

..This relationship, which we call the urethrovesical reflex, appears to have a role in maintaining vesical contraction during voiding. Further studies are required to investigate the role of this reflex in voiding disorders...

..In this communication we tried to define the adequate pacing parameters necessary for normalization of the tachyarrhythmic pattern of the electric waves in IBS...

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..In view of the concept that the urothelium is a functioning epithelium, we investigated the hypothesis that the composition of urine is modified as it passes through the urethra from the urinary bladder to the exterior...

..Therefore, we studied the hypothesis that the rectal cooling test (RCT) can effectively be used to differentiate between those two forms of constipation...

..This concept is evidenced not only by the current findings but also by the histologic structure of the rectal musculature being of the unitary type of smooth muscles...

..The effect of inferior rectal nerve (IRN) stimulation on the rectum was studied, postulating that nerve stimulation might inhibit rectal contractility and could thus be used in the management of defecation disorders...

..Changes in LET or evoked response would indicate a defect in the reflex pathway. The GCVR might act as an investigative tool in diagnosing erectile dysfunction, provided further studies are performed in this respect...

..Repair of the external anal sphincter provided a cure for faecal incontinence and erectile dysfunction. Anorectal disorders are believed to affect erectile function, a relationship that needs further investigation...

..This suggests that the enteric plexus has no direct action on the rectal motile activity but mediates the rectal reflex actions. This concept might explain some of the hitherto unknown mechanisms of rectal dyssynergia syndromes...

..The study of the integrity of these cells may prove to be a useful investigative tool in the diagnosis of prostatic diseases and in the planning of an appropriate treatment...

..The electric waves appear to be responsible for conducting the colonic motor activity. We postulate that disordered colonic pacemakers may produce segmental or total colonic inertia, a proposition that needs further investigation...

..During penile thrusting, the penis repeatedly buffets the cervix uteri (CU). We investigated the hypothesis that CU stimulation induces a change in the motor activity of the vaginal wall musculature...