A Shafik

..Neither the cause of vaginismus nor the muscles involved are precisely identified...

..To investigate the possibility of using the obturator internus muscle instead of the levator ani as a pelvic floor muscle...

..Levator dysfunction may lead to constipation and faecal or urinary incontinence as a result of pudendal neuropathy and the development of pudendal canal syndrome...

..These findings appear to explain the cause of rectal atony, which occurs in rectal inertia and leads to constipation...

..This suggests that the enteric plexus has no direct action on the rectal motile activity but mediates the rectal reflex actions. This concept might explain some of the hitherto unknown mechanisms of rectal dyssynergia syndromes...

..In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the uninhibited rectum may be a cause of FI in patients with normal anal pressure and sphincteric mechanism who were considered to have idiopathic FI...

..These 2 reflexes are believed to keep the SC contracting and the rectal neck dilated until complete SC evacuation occurs. The study seemingly negates the role of rectal distension as a prerequisite for balloon expulsion...

..This reflex is probably evoked to promote rectal and vesical evacuation...

..The higher amplitude of the RSC waves may be due to the thicker RSC musculosa in comparison to that of the SC and R and may by itself be an evidence of the sphincteric function of the RSC...

..This concept is evidenced not only by the current findings but also by the histologic structure of the rectal musculature being of the unitary type of smooth muscles...

..It was hypothesized that rectal distension occurring in rectal inertia constipation might cause enteric hypotonia. This hypothesis was investigated...

..No complications were encountered and the method was well accepted and tolerated. Further studies on a large group of patients are required...

..The role of BCM in the pathogenesis of uterovaginal prolapse and rectocele needs further study...

..We investigated the response of the ICJ to cecal and ileal distension and the nature of this response (direct or reflex)...

..The greater increase of the electrical activity and pressure of the rectosigmoid canal upon electrostimulation, compared to that of the SC or R, strongly supports the presence of a rectosigmoid sphincter...

..abdominal pressure and visceral weight. The skeletal fibers pass into various histologic stages before they transform to smooth fibers...

..The difference between them in inducing defecation might be significant to our understanding the defecation act in the neurogenic rectum, a point that needs further study...

..Ex-pacemaker stimulation presumably leads to local activation of interstitial cells of Cajal and segmental step-wise contraction...

..This effect was postulated to occur through the recto-colic reflex. As the colonic status in rectal inertia constipation was scarcely addressed in the literature, we investigated this point...

..The role of the longitudinal smooth muscle of the small intestine in gut motility is poorly understood; this point was investigated in the current study...

..quot; The role of the colosigmoid sphincter and reflexes in colonic motility disorders remains to be investigated...

..The concept of "single" and "multiple" pacemakers explaining the difference in the motility of small from that of large gut needs further studies...

..We suggest that it firmly connects the GP to the CC during penile thrusting. Further studies are required to assess the possible role of this ligament in erectile dysfunction...

..We investigated the hypothesis that also the non-sphincteric part of the urethra possesses electric activity which may have clinical significance...

..These suggestions need to be further studied...

..It has been reported that digital pressure on the perineum inhibits bladder contraction; however, the mechanism is not fully understood. We investigated the hypothesis that this mechanism may be reflex in nature...

..The recognition of the rectal motor modality appears to be important for the understanding of rectal motility disorders. However, further studies are required to confirm these findings...

..The role of the CCJ and related reflexes in colonic motility disorders needs to be studied...

..Rectal sensation seems to originate from mechanoreceptors which are stimulated by passive rectal filling or active contraction. We investigated the effect of temperature on rectal function...

..The results of the current study encourage the treatment of overactive bladder with PFM contractions...

..This sphincter may explain the higher pressure at the SRC and the response of the SRC to rectal and SC contractions. The localized smooth muscle bundles in the ME may represent a rectosigmoid pacemaker...

..To assess the results of peripheral neuromodulation for the treatment of fecal incontinence (FI) resulting from uninhibited rectal contraction (URC) or uninhibited anal sphincter relaxation (UASR)...

..quot; Whenever the right colon is distended with a substantial volume of chyme that increases the intraluminal pressure, it is suggested that ileal relaxation occurs, which delays the emptying of chyme from the ileum...

....

..This effect was used to develop a novel technique for measuring the pudendal nerve terminal motor latency (PNTML) to the external anal sphincter (EAS) in healthy volunteers and patients with fecal incontinence...

..The effect of inferior rectal nerve (IRN) stimulation on the rectum was studied, postulating that nerve stimulation might inhibit rectal contractility and could thus be used in the management of defecation disorders...

..To study the effect of rectal distension on jejunal and ileal motility aiming at the assessment of the possible role of rectal distension induced by constipation on the transport of the material in the gut...

..We suggest that fecal continence occurs at 2 levels: an involuntary one at the RSJ and a voluntary one at the rectal neck...

..The cavernoso-urethral reflex can act a diagnostic tool in the investigations of patients with ejaculatory disorders...

..To investigate the effect of rectal distension with a balloon simulating fecal mass, on the motile activity of the esophagus and stomach...

..However, the RSJ status during stool accumulation in the SC has been scarcely addressed in the literature. The current study investigated this point...

..We suggest that electrocavernosography has the potential to function as an investigative tool in diagnosing the type of ED provided further studies are performed to verify the described findings...

..This condition of 'overactive CC' should be considered in the diagnosis of ED. However, further studies in the pathogenesis of the condition are warranted...

..Three had spontaneous defecation after a few months of rectal pacing. No complications were encountered, and the method was tolerated and acceptable. Further studies on a large group of patients are required...

..Meanwhile, the elevated intravaginal pressure presumably supports the rectovaginal septum against the concomitant high intrarectal pressure...

..The latter presumably propels the semen from the posterior to the pendulous urethra. It is suggested that the urethrocavernosus reflex be included in current andrologic investigations for patients with ejaculatory disorders...

..ICC distribution was different in the various types of ED. It is suggested that this distribution interferes with SW discharge and the control of SMC activity with a resulting ED...

..This hypothesis was investigated in the current study...

..We therefore propose that the LAM is a muscle of evacuation and that LAM dysfunction could lead to defecation and urination disorders...

..Studies have shown that the greatest collection of ICCs occurred in the upper part of the posterior vaginal wall. The vaginal electric waves are suggested to originate from this 'centre' and spread caudally...

..GC buffeting seems to evoke reflex and initiate uterine responses. Reflex may prove of diagnostic significance in sexual disorders...

..It is suggested that the electrostatic potentials detected on the skin create an 'electrostatic field' that inhibits the ovarian function. However, the effect proved to be reversible...

..To present 10 patients who complained of passage of frequent loose stools which was found to be due to sigmoid colon hyperreflexia, a condition that, to our knowledge, has not been described before...

..Uterine pressure rise was induced by the sperm and not the seminal plasma. Further studies are required to define the sulstances secreted by the sperm which produce this increased uterine pressure...

..Further studies are needed to investigate the role of the TFR in clinical practice...

..Therefore, we studied the hypothesis that the rectal cooling test (RCT) can effectively be used to differentiate between those two forms of constipation...

..Repair of the external anal sphincter provided a cure for faecal incontinence and erectile dysfunction. Anorectal disorders are believed to affect erectile function, a relationship that needs further investigation...

..This reflex seems to regulate the passage of stools from the colon to the rectum. Further studies are required to investigate its role in the diagnosis of defecation disorders...

..Changes in LET or evoked response would indicate a defect in the reflex pathway. The GCVR might act as an investigative tool in diagnosing erectile dysfunction, provided further studies are performed in this respect...

..Thus, these techniques are recommended for basic research rather than for routine andrology laboratories...

..Based on these results, we studied the effect of sacral MS on defecation in patients with paradoxical puborectalis syndrome (PPS)...

..However, besides this mass contraction, a voluntary 'selective' individual muscle activity exists by which each individual muscle acts independently of the others...

..During ejaculation LAM contraction facilitates semen ejection. Levator subluxation and sagging leads to levator dysfunction syndrome, which may present as pudendal canal syndrome...

..For this article we investigated the pacing parameters necessary for rectal evacuation in rectal inertia patients...

..Two types of contraction waves were observed: "complete" which produced rectal evacuation, and "incomplete" which failed to effect evacuation. Physiologic intussusception or rectocele were seen in a few subjects...

..We have demonstrated that this activity was due to smooth muscle fibers detected in the levator ani muscle (LAM) which presumably develop in adaptation to variations in the intraabdominal pressure and visceral weight action...

..However, proof of PS and VS continuity with PRM could not be supplied by the study...

..3 cmH2O, respectively. There was no significant difference between covered and non-covered corpora or between test and control animals. In conclusion, the TA seems to act as a cover to the corporal tissue. Its absence did not change ICP...

..Further studies are required to define the substances responsible for this effect...

..Supported by a knowledge of anatomy, we can make firm recommendations on which to base safe surgical techniques that avoid damage to urethral and anal sphincteric innervation...

..Reflex disorders may explain urinary leakage during coitus in some neuropathic conditions...

..CONCLUSIONS: Sacral MS succeeded in dispelling to the exterior the water-filled rectal balloon. The method is simple, easy, non-invasive, non-radiologic and can be performed on an outpatient basis for the treatment of PPS...

..In conclusion, MS of the cavernous nerve is effective in inducing penile rigidity. It is a simple, easy and non-invasive method which has no adverse effects. It might prove to be suitable for application in patients with ED...

..Considering the type of cavernosus muscles insertion into the TA, it appears that the fibrous belt exerts more CC compression than the other 2 types of insertion...

..Each type has its own etiology and symptoms, and requires individual treatment. Biofeedback succeeded in treating the majority of SFI and UFI patients. Surgical correction of the anal sphincter was performed after biofeedback failure...

..We investigated the hypothesis that percutaneous perineal stimulation evokes erection in patients with neurogenic erectile dysfunction...

..These results have probably clinical significance when performing electrorectograms for various rectal pathologic conditions as well as when applying an artificial pacemaker to the non-contractile rectum...

..Mechanism of testicular elevation during erection is not known. We investigated the hypothesis that erection evokes reflex cremasteric muscle (CM) contraction which effects testicular elevation...

..As there is no significant difference between opening time and pelvic floor muscles electromyographic lag time, it appears easier to apply the latter as it is simple, objective, and noninvasive...

..To investigate whether the degree of rectal distension could define the rectum functions as a conduit or reservoir...

..We investigated the hypothesis that a continent mechanism seems to exist at the rectosigmoidal junction (RSJ), preventing the direct passage of stools from the descending colon to the rectum...

..It is claimed that the tunica albuginea (TA) shares in the erectile mechanism by compressing the emissary veins passing through it. However, the TA does not contain smooth muscle fibers...

..We investigated the hypothesis that the passage of urine through the urethra stimulates the corporal tissue and cavernosus muscles...

..We investigated the hypothesis that distension of either ileum or jejunum would affect the motile activity of the other...

..quot; This reflex appears to assist anal closure through extended and laterally rotated femur induced by gluteus contraction...

..We investigated the hypothesis that the AAWMs exhibit increased electromyographic (EMG) activity on rectal distension, which presumably assists in rectal evacuation...

..We investigated the hypothesis that external (EUS) and internal (IUS) urethral sphincters and urinary bladder (UB) respond to penile thrusting (PT) of vagina in a way that prevents urinary leakage during coitus...

..We investigated the hypothesis that urethral stimulation effects vesical contraction...

..The latter two actions occurring on micturition are suggested to be mediated through a reflex called "urethro-corporocavernosal reflex" and effect a mild degree of clitoral tumescence...

..We investigated the hypothesis that, upon vaginal distension, UB undergoes inhibited activity, while external and internal urethral sphincters (IUS) exhibit increased activity in order to guard against urine leakage during coitus...

..The giant migrating contractions of the colon that move the food bolus from the cecum to the transverse colon are suggested to be a function of the longitudinal muscle electric activation with gut lumen modulation by the circular fibers...

..We investigated the hypothesis that urine passage through the urethra effects EAS contraction to guard against possible flatus or stool leakage during micturition...

..This relationship, which we call the urethrovesical reflex, appears to have a role in maintaining vesical contraction during voiding. Further studies are required to investigate the role of this reflex in voiding disorders...

..In this communication we tried to define the adequate pacing parameters necessary for normalization of the tachyarrhythmic pattern of the electric waves in IBS...

..The APs are claimed to be responsible for colonic motor activity...

..quot; This reflex seems to be evoked during increased intra-abdominal pressure and to effect LES contraction, thus, sharing with other factors in prevention of gastroesophageal reflux...

..A histopathologic study of the septum in rectocele seems necessary...

..The current study investigated the effect of ileal and jejunal distension on the gastric motility, aiming at elucidating the possible existence of a relationship and its role in the flow through the gut...

..Because the condition is related to motility disturbance, the hypothesis that a disorder of the colonic electromyographic activity is responsible for the colonic motile disorders in irritable bowel syndrome, was investigated...