William J Doyle

..Eustachian tube function is stable over time in children with ventilation tubes for chronic otitis media with effusion...

..003 to 0.008 min(-1) across animals but was not different for a given ear across sessions. These results show that breathing gas mixtures containing N(2)O causes predictable and quantifiable increases in middle ear pressure...

..Estimate the transmucosal CO(2) and O(2) rate-constants for adult middle ears (MEs)...

..Here, the effect of these polymorphisms on illness and seroconversion during infection with rhinovirus type 39 (RV39) was evaluated...

..Here, those relationships were reconstructed from skulls and compared between children and adults...

....

..Interleukin-6 did not change the Eustachian tube or middle ear functions but did cause increased secretions in allergic patients...

..We tested the hypothesis that mastoid volume buffers the rate of change in middle ear pressure caused by transmucosal, inert gas exchange...

..Cytokine polymorphisms may be one of an expectedly large number of genetic factors contributing to the known heritability of OM...

....

..If future prospective studies confirm these observations, cytokine genotyping may be a useful tool for identifying "at risk" infants who may benefit from the selective use of preventive or early intervention treatments for RSV...

..If confirmed by future studies, cytokine genotyping may be a useful tool for identifying at-risk infants who may benefit from the selective use of preventative and/or early intervention treatments for these disorders...

..This article examines whether sleep duration and efficiency in the weeks preceding viral exposure are associated with cold susceptibility...

..ME to blood N2 transfer rate determines the physiological demand placed upon the ET for gas supply. That demand is increased by nasal exposure to certain inflammatory mediators...

..Although leukocyte telomere length is associated with mortality and many chronic diseases thought to be manifestations of age-related functional decline, it is not known whether it relates to acute disease in younger healthy populations...

..The hypothesis that the human tympanic membrane (TM) is permeable to CO(2) and O(2) at physiologic pressure gradients is supported but additional experiments need to be done to validate this methodology...

..We ask whether subjective socioeconomic status (SES) predicts who develops a common cold when exposed to a cold virus...

..To determine whether parenthood predicts host resistance to the common cold among healthy volunteers experimentally exposed to a common cold virus...

..Because inflammation plays an important role in the onset and progression of a wide range of diseases, this model may have broad implications for understanding the role of stress in health...

..These results are consistent with the hypothesis that IL-6 acts as a biological mediator in linking positive emotional style to illness expression during rhinovirus infection...

....

..The objective was to identify candidate effector and signaling molecules involved in acute otitis media pathogenesis caused by S pneumoniae infection...

..For both groups, a late upregulation of cytokine message but not protein was documented. The profile of cytokine expression during otitis media episodes may be useful in defining etiology, disease stage, and prognosis...

..New OM episodes are usually coincident with a viral upper respiratory tract infection (vURTI), but there are conflicting data regarding the association between specific viruses and OM...

..Viral upper respiratory tract infection (vURI) may or may not present with a cold/flu-like illness (CFLI)...

..To determine if levels of interleukin (IL) 5, IL-6, and IL-10 or their ratios in nasal secretion are diagnostic of viral upper respiratory tract infections (vURTIs) and coldlike illnesses (CLIs) in children...

..Often overlooked in past studies are the contributions of cold-like illnesses (CLIs) and sampling interval to those estimates...

..Attachment of T variant to epithelial cells was documented by scanning electron microscopy. These results suggest that the T variant is more highly adapted to various ME environments than the O variants...

..These results suggest that certain cytokine gene polymorphisms moderate immune responses and illness severity in adults experimentally exposed to RSV...

..Determine the role of mastoid volume in middle ear pressure (MEP) regulation. The hypothesis was that inert gas exchange between blood and middle ear (ME) is slower for larger mastoid volumes...

..Previous model applications assumed directional asymmetry for those parameters, which has not been experimentally validated...

..We determined the incidence of otitis-media complications in young children when referenced to cold-like illnesses and to concurrent virus recovery from the nasopharynx...

..This study describes the changes in mastoid air cell system (MACS) geometry with age in ears with a history of otitis media (OM), without (GR-I) or with (GR-II) middle ear fluid on the CT scan...

..This study assessed the normal growth and development of mastoid air-cell system (MACS) geometry from infancy through adolescence...

..While the sample size was small, the high variability in all test parameters suggests that the FRT alone is not capable of distinguishing between children with different expressions of otitis media...

..This effect on stimulated cytokine activity may have implications for a role of hostility in exacerbating immune-related disease...

....

....

..This effect may be caused by structural thinning secondary to scar formation and could have implications for middle ear pressure regulation in ears with a history of repeated myringotomies and/or tympanostomy tube insertions...

..Best estimate correction for this effect based on available data significantly reduced the estimate bias...

..There were no associations between cytokines and negative affect. Findings support a causal association between pathogen-induced local cytokine production and changes in positive affect over a 24-h timeline...

..Interference with intrafamily CLI transmission may present a strategy for OM prophylaxis in high risk children. This study estimated factors relevant to strategy efficiency...

..To determine the role played by the tensor veli palatini and levator veli palatini muscles (mTVP and mLVP, respectively) in eustachian tube (ET) opening...

..The present study was designed to determine the reproducibility of those results...

..We sought to develop normative values for 5 eustachian tube function (ETF) test protocols in adults without otitis media (OM)...

..The association between sociability and disease was also independent of baseline immunity (virus-specific antibody), demographics, emotional styles, stress hormones, and health practices...

..The mastoid air-cell system (MACS) will not function as an ME gas reserve unless the blood perfusion/surface area is much greater for the tympanum than the MACS and decreases as MACS volume increases...

..These results show that in monkeys, tympanometry provides an accurate, relatively unbiased estimate of ME underpressure and suggest that the measurement error for tympanometry can be predicted for MEs of other species...

..Knowledge of how these physical components affect the global mechanical environment may lead to improved treatments for ET dysfunction that target the underlying mechanical abnormality...

..We tested these hypotheses for host resistance to the common cold...

..Partial-pressure gradients across the middle ear will be dissipated quickly and are not an important contributor to middle ear pressure regulation in the studied model...

..Tympanometry is a simple method to assess middle ear pressure (MEP) and the presence of middle ear effusion (MEE), a marker of otitis media (OM)...

....

..Any or all of these changes may contribute to the initiation and persistence of middle ear mucosa inflammation and effusion during an episode of bacterial acute otitis media...

..Given the availability of rat-specific reagents, this model is well suited for studies of cytokine elaboration during disease pathogenesis...

....

..Differences in rhythmicity found here are noteworthy given the possible role of cortisol dysregulation in disease incidence, morbidity, mortality, and severity...

..The morphometric techniques underestimate diffusion length by failing to account for the curvilinear gas flow pathways predicted by the finite element model...

..Tacrolimus and dexamethasone decreased IL-6, iNOS and MCP-1. These results show that pharmacological agents can modify the expression of inflammatory mediators in this model and may have clinically relevant effects...

..In this review, we discuss the hypothesized mechanisms by which a vURI is translated into an acute OM episode and describe different strategies for aborting that process. Limitations to deployment of each strategy are outlined...

..The available evidence for mediation of the common cold is the subject of this manuscript...

..These factors bias estimates of the incidence and prevalence of viral upper respiratory tract infections and their complications. Here we review new methodologies that can be adapted for use in future studies to refine those estimates...

..Guidelines recommend treatment with intranasal corticosteroids for patients with allergic rhinitis (AR), but concerns remain about possible adverse effects...

..CONCLUSION: These results may have implications for explaining the cause of such well-known complications of RSV infection as otitis media, bronchiolitis, and asthmatic exacerbation...

..These findings provide further support for the relationship between viral upper respiratory tract infections and otitis media...

..These results have implications in both clinical practice and research settings...

..These buffering systems can explain why some children and adults with poor eustachian tube function do not experience middle ear barotrauma...

..Here, we present a new method for measuring ETC that conforms more closely to the engineering definition of compliance...

..These biases reinforce the need for longitudinal study formats to address this important relationship...

..A total of 136 patients identified colds, and 43 episodes of otitis media were recorded. New episodes of otitis media were observed in 22% of all colds, and 63% of all otitis media episodes occurred during a cold...