J P Thyssen

..This could probably be explained by a decrease in nickel allergy. The CE-DUR approach holds the potential of being an efficient and easy monitoring method of contact allergy prevalence...

..No new cases of metal dermatitis were identified after 1985. We conclude that nickel allergy has decreased among young females with dermatitis due to the nickel regulation...

..Furthermore, metal allergy has been associated with device failure following insertion of intracoronary stents, hip and knee prostheses, as well as other implants. This area is in need of more research...

..Finally, the prevalence of thiuram allergy is decreasing as a result of improved rubber glove production...

..It has been debated whether life-style factors such as tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption are associated with hand eczema...

..Exposure data together with clinical data from metal workers heavily exposed to cobalt suggest that patch-test reactions are sometimes false positive and that patch testers should carefully evaluate their clinical relevance...

..It has been much debated whether atopic dermatitis (AD) is associated with contact sensitization as past findings have been conflicting. A positive association might change our clinical practice...

..The objective was to study the association between contact sensitization and, respectively, atopic dermatitis and asthma using clinical databases...

..Filaggrin loss-of-function mutations are common and associated with atopic disorders. We investigated whether the prevalence of filaggrin mutations increased in different birth cohorts in adults from the general population in Denmark...

..So far five relatively small patient-based case-control studies have rejected a possible association between psoriasis and the two most prevalent filaggrin null mutations, 2282del4 and R501X...

..If the use of a hair dye self-test to predict contact sensitization becomes widespread, there is severe risk that a tool has been marketed that may cause morbidity in European consumers...

..Chromium-tanned leather footwear, which releases >3 ppm hexavalent Cr(VI), may pose a risk of sensitizing and eliciting allergic dermatitis...

..No studies have investigated whether individuals with the homozygous filaggrin null genotype always develop dermatitis...

..Cobalt allergy is prevalent in dermatitis patients. Very little documentation exists about current sources of cobalt exposure...

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..Hand eczema is prevalent in the general population. It remains unclear whether or not filaggrin gene (FLG) null mutations increase the overall risk of hand eczema or only increase the risk of hand eczema in subjects with atopic dermatitis...

..Because assessments according to EN 1811 are expensive to perform, time consuming, and may destruct the test item, it should be of great value to know the accuracy of the DMG screening test...

..Cobalt-allergic patients may be unaware that they are exposed to cobalt from handling work items, causing hand dermatitis...

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..In 1997, Alan Dillarstone predicted a stable development of preservative allergy following mandatory ingredient labelling on cosmetic products...

..The aetiology of hand eczema is multifactorial and includes environmental as well as genetic factors. Future studies should focus on unresolved areas of hand eczema, for example, genetic predisposition...

..50; CI=0.94-2.37) and current heavy smokers (OR=1.56; CI = 0.87-2.80) compared with never smokers. This study confirmed that smoking is associated with nickel sensitization, but rejected an association with alcohol consumption...

..Before the introduction of the EU Nickel Directive, concern was raised that manufacturers of jewellery might turn from the use of nickel to cobalt following the regulatory intervention on nickel exposure...

..Contact allergy epidemics to chromate and nickel were addressed in Denmark in 1983 and 1990 by regulatory interventions...

..Nickel allergy is prevalent as assessed by epidemiological studies...

..We propose diagnostic criteria for allergic dermatitis reactions as well as noneczematous complications caused by metal implants...

..Nickel allergy is frequent and cause morbidity and increased health care costs...

..It is concluded that the EU Nickel Directive has started to change the epidemiology of nickel allergy in Europe but it should be revisited to better protect consumers and workers since nickel allergy and dermatitis remain very frequent...

..Also, there is a need for prospective studies, as all epidemiological studies so far have been cross-sectional...

..Clinical relevance of metal exposure is usually assessed by the treating physician via the medical history and by presentation of allergic contact dermatitis...

..Inclusion of local anaesthetics other than benzocaine in the baseline series has previously been debated...

..Furthermore, we compared the prevalence of metal allergy in dermatitis patients with and without THA...

..However, an association between nickel eyelid dermatitis and nickel in make-up products remains controversial...

..Contact sensitization to fragrance mix (FM) I and Myroxylon pereirae (MP) is common among European patients with dermatitis. Recently, FM II was included in the European baseline series as an additional marker of fragrance sensitization...

..The fragrance terpene R-limonene is a very weak sensitizer but forms allergenic oxidation products upon contact with air. Oxidized (ox.) limonene is a frequent cause of contact allergy in clinical testing...

..Contact allergy to PPD is an important health issue for both women and men. More stringent regulation and enforcement are required as public health measures to reduce the burden of disease that exposure to PPD has brought to populations...

..Fragrance contact allergy has for long been recognized as an important health issue. In Denmark, the frequency of fragrance mix (FM) I contact allergy increased between 1985-1986 and 1997-1998 among male and female dermatitis patients...

..e. p-i concept) reactions are involved. As commonly used terms may be misleading because skin contact is not a prerequisite, we suggest that the term 'systemic allergic dermatitis' should be used in the future...

..Based on the literature, the proposed algorithm may safely and rapidly distinguish between immediate-type and delayed-type allergic immune reactions...

..Because little is known about the frequency of nickel release from cell phones, it is difficult to estimate the risk of nickel sensitization and dermatitis among their users...

..In Europe, decreasing prevalences of nickel sensitization are observed as a result of the European Union Nickel Directive. However, no directive exists in the United States...

..Finally, heavy smoking was associated with contact allergy, mostly in women. Population-based epidemiological studies are considered a prerequisite in the surveillance of national and international contact allergy epidemics...

..The prevalence of sensitization to fragrance mix (FM) I and Myroxylon pereirae (MP, balsam of Peru) has decreased in recent years among Danish women with dermatitis...

..5-8.0% and 2.5-10.4%, respectively. The reverse CE-DUR approach can be used to alert public health authorities if the estimated number of sensitized persons in the general population is above a certain threshold...

..An association between nickel contact allergy and hand eczema has previously been demonstrated. In 1990, Denmark regulated the extent of nickel release in the ear-piercing process as well as nickel release from consumer products...

..An effect from this intervention has previously been demonstrated among Danish construction workers...

..5 microg nickel/cm(2)/wk) from consumer products in 1990. Concomitant allergy to nickel and cobalt is often observed among patients with dermatitis, probably as a result of cosensitization...

..Despite a decrease, the prevalence of nickel allergy remains high as nearly 10% of young women are nickel allergic...

..Cross-sensitization to other contact allergens may occur. Because subjects sensitized to PPD are at risk of clinically severe reactions upon hair dyeing, there is a need for 'current' prevalence data on PPD sensitization...

..The prevalence of contact allergy in the general population is nearly 20%...

..The phenotypic traits of people with the filaggrin mutation (FLG) genotype and atopic dermatitis (AD) are still under elucidation, and the association with concomitant AD and contact allergy (CA) has not previously been examined...

..Psoriasis is an autoimmune disease and it has been debated whether contact allergy is less prevalent among patients with psoriasis. Previous studies have shown conflicting results...

..However, a possible association between contact sensitization and alcohol consumption in a general population has never been reported...

..Our data show that MI holds a potential for eliciting and propably inducing contact allergy in humans. Whether this preservative is safe to use in cosmetics where billions of consumers are exposed needs a care full monitoring...

..Contact sensitization is frequent in the general population and arises from excessive or repeated skin exposure to chemicals and metals. However, little is known about its genetic susceptibility...