L V Kessing

..The patient's beliefs about the disorder and beliefs about antidepressants, including lack of conviction that the medication is needed and fear of dependence of antidepressant medicine, have a great influence on adherence to treatment...

..To validate the ICD-10 diagnosis of a single depressive episode as used in daily clinical psychiatric practice and as recorded in the Danish Psychiatric Central Research Register...

..Thus, depressive symptoms seem to be the strongest predictor of general health and well-being in both disorders. As the response rate to the questionnaire was relatively low, the findings should be interpreted with caution...

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..The diagnostic stability of the ICD-10 diagnosis of mania/bipolar disorder has not been investigated in clinical practice...

..To estimate adherence to lithium in a nationwide sample of all patients treated with lithium and to characterize adherence according to gender and age...

..The aim of the study was to compare the prevalence of subtypes of a single depressive episode according to ICD-10 for men and women in a nationwide sample of all patients treated in psychiatric in- or outpatient settings...

..The diagnostic stability of the ICD-10 diagnosis of depressive disorder has not been investigated in clinical practice...

..The present study aimed to investigate whether the risk of developing dementia increases with the number of affective episodes in patients with depressive disorder and in patients with bipolar disorder...

..Only a few studies have investigated how the type of first contact is associated with the risk of subsequent hospitalisation and the risk of committing suicide for patients with depressive or bipolar disorders...

..Newer antidepressants have increasingly been used during the past decade. These drugs may increase compliance and reduce the risk of cycle acceleration in affective disorders...

..44 times (95% CI: 2.12-2.81) increased rate compared with the rate among the general population. It is concluded that patients with epilepsy have a moderately increased probability of being prescribed antidepressants in clinical practice...

..However, these studies are biased toward patients with the most severe disorders, and the relation to sex and age has seldom been investigated...

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..Depression and anxiety is prevalent among patients with dementia but the extent to which these conditions are treated with antidepressants has not previously been investigated...

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..Patients' satisfaction with care may be an important factor in relation to adherence to treatment and continued psychiatric care. Few studies have focused on satisfaction in patients with depressive and bipolar disorders...

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..To investigate whether primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is associated with increased risk of developing Alzheimer disease (AD)...

..Nevertheless, the course of illness in unipolar and bipolar disorders is heterogeneous, and the effect of previous episodes and its interrelation with other risk factors on the risk of relapse and recurrence warrants additional research...

..However, these attitudes have received little study in patients whose disorders were sufficiently severe to require hospitalization...

..To investigate gender differences in the phenomenology of episodes in bipolar disorder as according to ICD-10...

..The rates were increased in all subgroups of patients regardless of gender, age, socioeconomic group, and time elapsed since diagnosis...

..There was no difference in the risks of developing Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes...

..Our aim was to investigate whether patients with unipolar or bipolar affective disorder have an increased risk of developing dementia compared to patients with other chronic illnesses...

..It has been suggested that lithium may have neuroprotective abilities, but it is not clear whether lithium reduces the risk of dementia...

..It has been suggested that antidepressants may have neuroprotective abilities but it has newer been investigated lately whether treatment with antidepressants reduces the risk of dementia...

..These biomarkers may help to improve diagnosis and treatment in the future...

..It has never been investigated whether first depression differs in patients who have experienced bereavement compared to patients who have not...

..To investigate whether treatment with lithium in patients with mania or bipolar disorder is associated with a decreased rate of subsequent dementia...

..The long-term predictive ability of the ICD-10 subtypes of hypomania, mania without psychosis and mania with psychosis has not been investigated...

..It is not clear whether the severity of depressive episodes changes during the course of depressive disorder...

..The aim of the study was to investigate whether patients with bipolar depression and patients with recurrent depressive disorder present with different subtypes of depressive episode as according to ICD-10...

..To investigate the prevalence of mixed episodes during the course of illness in bipolar disorder...

..It is concluded that older patients with diabetes do not seem to have an increased risk of developing severe depression compared with patients with other chronic illness...

..The long-term predictive ability of the ICD-10 subtypes of depression with melancholic syndrome and depression with psychosis has not been investigated...

..The ICD-10 categorisation of severity of depression into mild, moderate and severe depressive episodes has not been validated...

..No larger long-term study has been conducted of outcomes of patients diagnosed with endogenous, reactive or neurotic depression and using survival methods in the analyses...

..To investigate whether first admission with mania is associated with the occurrence of death in the family or with major stressful life events and to explore whether the associations change with age...

..However, very few studies have considered the individual tendency toward recurrence in analyses of the effect of the number of episodes on the risk of subsequent recurrence in affective disorder...

..2 (CI 95% 1.7-2.9) compared with osteoarthritis. CONCLUSION: This study supports the hypothesis of a common aetiology for major affective disorder and Parkinson's disease...

..To estimate the risk for persons treated with antidepressants or lithium of subsequent treatment with antiparkinson drugs (APD)...

..To estimate the rate of treatment with anti-parkinson drugs (APD) among patients with depression...

..It is poorly understood how the course of illness in depressive patients is affected by a manic episode...

..It is concluded that stroke is associated with an increased rate of antidepressant treatment in clinical practice regardless of sex, age, socioeconomic group and time since diagnosis...

..The risk of recurrence has been found to increase with the number of episodes in both unipolar and bipolar affective disorder. The present study compared the effect of the number of episodes on the risk of recurrence in the two disorders...

..These studies did, however, not take the individual liability to recurrence into account...

..To investigate the temporal relationships between a range of neurological diseases and affective disorders...

..To compare the temporal changes in suicide rate among patients treated with antidepressants with the change in suicide rate among persons who have not been treated with antidepressants during 1995-1999...

..It is unclear whether there is an interaction of ageing on the association between major life events and onset of depression...

..The purpose of this study was to develop a database for patients admitted to a psychiatric department comprising registration of central clinical parameters...

..It is unclear whether medical treatment outcome in first episode depression differ for patients with and without stressful life events prior to onset of depression...

..The course of severe unipolar and bipolar disorder seems to be progressive in nature despite the effect of treatment...

..To investigate the risk of clinical affective disorders of patients who were hospitalized because of obesity in the study period 1 January 1977 to 31 December 1999...

..The present study evaluated gender differences in sociodemographic, clinical and treatment variables among patients suffering exclusively from single-episode depression...

..To examine whether late and very-late first-contact schizophrenia carry a risk for later development of dementia...

..We conclude that the procedure only works when the recurrent event is common and when the intra-individual association between gap times is weak...

..To investigate the time relation between dementia and major affective disorders (major depression and mania)...

..In conclusion, maladaptive coping style may represent a trait marker for mood disorder improving maladaptive coping styles may be a target for selective prevention focusing on subgroups at high risk of developing an affective disorder...

..We found no evidence that the effects of the genetic polymorphisms on treatment outcome were dependent on stressful life events experienced by the individual prior to onset of depression...

..The objective of this study was to investigate potential associations between the polymorphism and three psychiatric disorders in a Danish population...

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..It has never been investigated whether comorbid personality disorder or neuroticism predicts a poor treatment outcome in first episode depression...

..This study aimed to determine whether there is an association between hysterectomy and dementia...

..To examine whether a high genetic liability to develop affective disorder is associated with specific personality traits...

..However, the possibility of somewhat higher incidence and prevalence rates of PD than hitherto estimated should be considered...

..Future prospective family, high-risk and twin studies are needed to decide whether abnormalities in the HPA axis can be identified as an endophenotype of affective disorder...

..We conducted a nationwide registry-based study of the quality of diagnostic evaluation for dementia in the secondary health care sector...

..Variations in the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) and stressful life events are associated with affective disorders...

..The method is illustrated by re-analyzing Danish registry data and a long-term Swiss clinical study on recurrence in affective disorder...

..The aim of the present study was to examine the hypothesis that genetic liability to affective disorder is associated with cognitive impairment...

..A connection between personality traits and development of bipolar disorder, and evidence of a personality-changing effect of affective episodes need to be further investigated...

..The disability and hardship associated with affective disorder is shared by the family members of affective patients and might affect the family member's quality of life...

..On individualized data from a cohort of patients with a known history of depressive disorder, continued antidepressant treatment was associated with reduced risk of suicide...

..Clinical and research recommendations are given in order to create strategies for the prevention of affective disorders...

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..Based on register data we wanted to investigate whether patients with a diagnosis of affective disorder are at increased risk of developing epilepsy compared to other medically ill control groups...

..The validity of dementia diagnoses in the Danish nationwide hospital registers was evaluated to determine the value of these registers in epidemiological research about dementia...

..It is possible to investigate the relation between risk factors and affective disorder by using a high-risk design e.g.: a study of the healthy relatives of patients with affective disorders...

..There is a need for prospective studies of larger samples of patients to be followed during successive affective episodes with a combination of measurements of the HPA-axis activity and brain imaging...

..Moreover, modification of cardiovascular risk factors during this period can potentially reduce risk for dementia...

..They also indicate that the genetic component is polygenic and highly complex and might manifest itself in interaction with other biological and environmental factors...

..This study investigated the association between continued mood-stabilizing treatment (lithium and anticonvulsants) in bipolar disorder (BD) and the risk of suicide...