P Laurberg

..To review methods for evaluating iodine deficiency in pregnant women and young infants and to discuss factors to be considered in the interpretation of their results...

..The conclusion that remission is associated with restoration of the euthyroid state, and that it is not a special drug effect, highlights the importance of making and keeping patients with Graves' disease euthyroid...

..In elderly patients on replacement therapy, care should include estimation of serum TSH level once or twice a year, with small dosage adjustments of levothyroxine sodium to keep serum TSH level within the normal range...

..It can be speculated that a low-iodine content of mother's milk because of inhibition of NIS in the mammary gland may be one factor of importance for development of myxedematous cretinism...

..The effect of humic substances in drinking water on the epidemiology of thyroid disease probably depends on the source of aquifer sediments...

..p.m. iodine) was initiated in 2000/2001. The Danish investigation on iodine intake and thyroid disease (DanThyr) is the monitoring of the iodine fortification program...

..Another hypothetical possibility is recruitment of brown adipocytes embedded in white adipose tissue in human adults. Understanding cold adaptation in human adults may lead to development of new drugs against obesity...

..Smoking during the period of breastfeeding increases the risk of iodine deficiency-induced brain damage in the child. Women who breastfeed should not smoke, but if they do, an extra iodine supplement should be considered...

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..Iodine supplementation programs should aim at relatively uniform iodine intake, avoiding deficient or excessive iodine intake in subpopulations. To adopt such a strategy, surveillance programs are needed...

..g. 25 microg/l, may suggest iodine deficiency in part of the population. However, urinary iodine varies considerably from day to day and the fraction of low samples caused by dispersion remains unsettled...

..We therefore studied incidences of subtypes of primary, overt hypothyroidism in a Danish population cohort and compared incidences in two subcohorts with different levels of iodine intake...

..In the "bTSH-rhTSHR" assay, hTSHR-Ab competes with labeled bovine TSH for binding to recombinant human TSH receptors...

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..The study confirmed that screening for TPO-Ab in early pregnancy can predict women at high risk for development of PPTD...

..Primary overt autoimmune hypothyroidism is often divided into primary idiopathic hypothyroidism with thyroid atrophy (Ord's disease) and hypothyroidism with goitre (Hashimoto's disease)...

..In conclusion, smoking is a powerful risk factor for thyroid disease, especially in populations with a high smoking frequency. Oral contraceptive use is associated with a slightly lower frequency of Graves' disease...

..We prospectively identified all new cases of overt hypothyroidism in two areas of Denmark before and for the first 7 yr after IF had been introduced...

..Furthermore, to evaluate the applicability of the H-TRAb assay to discriminate between patients with hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease (GD) and multinodular toxic goitre (MNTG)...

..Graves' hyperthyroidism and multinodular toxic goiter lead to high serum T(3) compared with serum T(4). The source of this high T(3) has not been clarified...

..Autoimmunity against the TSH receptor is a key pathogenic element in Graves' disease. The autoimmune aberration may be modified by therapy of the hyperthyroidism...

..The number of tests needed to establish disease set points was high. The difference required between two tests to be truly different was 40% for TSH and 15% for fT4 and fT3...

..Klinefelter syndrome (KS) may involve a number of abnormalities besides the characteristic testicular insufficiency. Some studies have suggested that thyroid abnormalities may be common, but this has not been clarified...

..Iodine intake in Greenland has been hypothesized to exceed 10 times the recommended amount. The transition from a traditional Arctic society may change the iodine intake, but no field studies have been performed...

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..There is agreement in the literature that pituitary apoplexy is a rare disorder. As our experience differs from this view, we analysed the incidence in patients operated on for a nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma...

..It has also been suggested that foetal microchimerism involving transfer of foetal cells into maternal tissue during pregnancy may play an important role...

..We prospectively registered all new cases of overt hyperthyroidism in two areas of Denmark before and for the first 6 yr after iodine fortification...

..To assess the occurrence of thyroid disorders and autoimmunity in a geriatric population with long-standing recommended iodine intake of natural origin compared to mild iodine deficiency...

..Thyroid autoimmunity is a major cause for hypothyroidism. We describe thyroid auto-antibodies in patients with various nosological subtypes of hypothyroidism identified in a population study...

..For the same degree of thyroid function abnormality, the diagnosis depends to a considerable extent on the position of the patient's normal set point for T(4) and T(3) within the laboratory reference range...

..The knowledge of a possible association between lifestyle factors and circulating thyroid antibodies is limited...

..The optimal level of iodine intake to prevent thyroid disease may be a relatively narrow range around the recommended daily iodine intake of 150 micro g...

..In Denmark an increase in iodine intake through salt iodization has been introduced in 1998. In parallel a program for surveyance of thyroid diseases in the population was developed as recommended by UNICEF and WHO...

..In the present study we evaluated if TPO-Ab and Tg-Ab tend to develop in parallel or whether one or the other may be more prevalent in subsets of the population...

..The aims of this study were to evaluate the association between thyroid autoantibodies in serum and abnormalities in thyroid function and structure, and to study the thyroid volume in subjects with subclinical autoimmune hypothyroidism...

..Test results in patients should be evaluated against test-specific reference values, and caution is justified in the interpretation of low responses in a single test...

..To investigate the association between serum TSH, total T4 and various patient characteristics when hypothyroidism is diagnosed in a population, and to study how age, sex and serum T4 levels influenced pituitary TSH response...

..Monitoring and adjusting of iodine intake in a population is an important part of preventive medicine...

..High iodine intake from iodine-rich water suggests the cause of endemic goitre and hypothyroidism in some areas in China being iodine...

..To estimate the mortality in Denmark in patients suffering from GH deficiency (GHD)...

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..Overall IR of craniopharyngioma in Denmark was 1.86 (1.60-2.14) as compared to 2.14 (1.53-2.92) among children. Weighted estimates of craniopharyngioma world IRs were 1.34 (1.24-1.46) in all ages and 1.44 (1.33-1.56) among children...

..To study fracture risk and risk factors for fractures in patients with primary idiopathic hypothyroidism (ICD 10: E03.9)...

..Surgical thyroidectomy of a pregnant woman with active disease may lead to isolated foetal hyperthyroidism...

..It is unknown, to what extent such studies are referral biased. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the magnitude of selection bias in a study of patients newly diagnosed with hypothyroidism...

..The clinical importance of such small abnormalities in thyroid function in small children and pregnant women for brain development remains to be elucidated...

..We have previously found that iodine in drinking water is related to iodine excretion but whether iodine is present as iodide or bound in other molecules remains unknown...

..To estimate morbidity in Denmark in all patients with GH deficiency (GHD)...

..Suboptimal hormonal substitution in women may play a role...

..In conclusion, estimating population iodine excretion requires 100-500 spot urine samples for each group or subgroup. Less than ten urine samples in an individual may be misleading...

..QOL was, however, impaired in patients who had undergone craniotomy as compared to patients undergoing transsphenoidal surgery. QOL was not reduced in hypopituitary patients or in patients receiving radiotherapy...

..Exophthalmos associated with goiter and/or symptoms of hyperthyroidism have been known since antiquity. It was not until around 1800 that a number of studies described this disorder in more detail...

..However, no measurements have been performed to determine the iodine content of Greenlandic food items, drinking water, and beverages available in East and West Greenland...

..We analyzed differences between patients with untreated Klinefelter's syndrome and control subjects and subsequently analyzed differences between testosterone-treated and untreated Klinefelter's syndrome patients...

..To evaluate if fracture risk was increased in patients with Cushing's syndrome due to the increased endogenous cortisol production...

..Increased mortality has been reported in patients with pituitary disease, with some studies showing higher standard mortality rates (SMR) in women than in men...

..The aim of this study was to examine fracture risk in patients with pituitary disorders with special reference to GH deficiency and hyperprolactinaemia...

..The effect of smoking on hormonal level was unchanged after the iodization. Thus the effect of smoking on thyroid volume seems to be dependent on iodine intake, whereas the effect on function seems mainly to depend on other factors...

..We aimed to evaluate prospectively the effect of 4 yr of mandatory iodization of salt (13 ppm iodine) on thyroid volume in two regional areas with respectively mild and moderate iodine deficiency...

..Goiter development depends on genetic and environmental factors. The major environmental factor is iodine intake, whereas diverging results have been published concerning the association between smoking and goiter...

..Data on incidence rates are scarce in GH deficiency (GHD). Here, we estimate the incidence rate in childhood onset (CO) and adult onset (AO) GHD in Denmark...

..We investigated the association between parity and thyroid volume and a possible impact of iodine deficiency and tobacco smoking on this association...

..The aim of this study was to investigate the association between echogenicity of the thyroid/irregular echo pattern, and thyroid function in the general population, i.e. subjects without overt thyroid disease...

..High endogenous IFN alpha levels are seen in patients infected with certain viruses. It is concluded that IFN alpha is one of the environmental factors capable of triggering the onset of AITD in genetically susceptible individuals...

..Even individuals who followed the advice regarding intake of 200-300 g fish/week and 0.5 litres milk/d had an intake below the recommended level if living in Aalborg...

..The difference in age maximum in goiter prevalence suggests that monitoring of iodine deficiency disorders should ideally include a spectrum of age groups...

..However, when it comes to treatment of pregnant or fertile women planning pregnancy, no doubt prevails, as normal thyroid function is important for optimal pregnancy outcome...

..Iodine intake can be measured in various ways, and each method may have advantages and disadvantages...

..This is supported by experimental data, but a recent population study suggested decreased thyroid volumes among users of OC...

..To describe the use of dietary supplements in a group of Danish adults and to investigate the differences between users and non-users with respect to age, gender, health and lifestyle factors...

..The fraction available suggests an importance of drinking water supply for population iodine intake, although this may not be adequate to estimate population iodine intake...

..Radioiodine in doses used for benign thyroid diseases appears safe with regard to parathyroid hormone and calcitonin secretion...

..To establish an Inuit body mass index (BMI) norm from a healthy, not malnourished, pure Inuit population and to investigate the development of overweight in the Inuit in Greenland...

..Few data have been presented regarding an association between variations in thyroid function seen in the general population and body weight...