Zdenek Hubalek

..ricinus. Moreover, Trypanosoma/Crithidia sp. protozoa and Dipetalonema rugosicauda nematodes were detected in 0.4% and 1.0%, respectively, of all I. ricinus...

..This chapter finishes by recommending a more thorough epidemiological surveillance for LB, including morbidity notification in some additional countries where it has not yet been fully implemented...

..Active search for new tiboviruses or for new, pathogenic variants of the known tiboviruses in Europe should therefore continue...

..abstract:..

..ricinus ticks, is feasible. The infection rate in I. ricinus correlated significantly with the North Atlantic Oscillation winter index of the last year (in nymphs) or of the year before last (in adults)...

..This review aims to provide a summary of the main experimental findings with a wide range of additives and organisms. A brief discussion of mechanisms of CPA action is also included...

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..During the year, the highest numbers and proportions of infected nymphal and female ticks were taken from humans in June. Detection of borreliae in the ticks feeding on humans might be helpful in the prophylaxis of Lyme borreliosis...

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..The efficiency of dispersal of pathogenic microorganisms depends on a wide variety of biotic and abiotic factors affecting the survival of the agent in, or disappearance from, a habitat or ecosystem in a new geographic area...

..The detection of borreliae in a human-biting tick is an important step that enables the general practitioner to prescribe prophylactic antimicrobial treatment and to reduce significantly the risk of Lyme disease in the patient...

..This species feeds mostly on mammals including man; this raises the question whether this virus lineage is not adapted to an alternative mosquito-mammal cycle in the South-Moravian natural focus...

..For that purpose a commercially available, cross-protective vaccine against Japanese encephalitis could be used...

..The remaining genomic groups, i.e. B. valaisiana (85 records) and B. lusitaniae (7 records) have only been isolated from, or detected in, Ixodes ricinus ticks in a few European countries...

..ricinus (4 Borrelia garinii Baranton et al., 1 B. afzelii Canica et al. and 1 B. lusitaniae Le Fleche et al.), 1 strain from A. vexans (B. afzelii), 2 strains from C. agyrtes (B. afzelii), and 3 strains from host rodents (B. afzelii)...

..Some technical problems of these methods are discussed...

..The overall isolation rate was 4.5% in birds (12.6% in house sparrows) and 15.8% in rodents. The procedure can be useful for the isolation of P. stutzeri in clinical and environmental studies...

..4% vs. 18.5%, respectively). The difference in the infection rate between the two habitats of the agroecosystem could be caused or affected by land use and farming technology...

..The frequency of infected mammals also varied according to geographic area, altitude, habitat, and season...

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..ricinus in the tick (and borrelial) colonization of the cleared part of the forest...

..Antibodies were detected against Tahyna (16%), Sindbis (1%), and Batai (0.2%) viruses, but not West Nile virus. An examination of paired serum samples showed 1 Tahyna bunyavirus (California group) infection...

..The results indicate a need for care in interpretation of Anaplasma PCR results and for PCR optimization for detecting A. phagocytophilum in ticks...

..Natural foci of tick-borne encephalitis are obviously present in northeastern Hungary. On the other hand, no antibodies neutralizing BHAV were detected in the domestic animals...

..In addition, one black-headed gull (Larus ridibundus) had neutralizing antibodies for the Usutu Flavivirus, the first case recorded in Poland...

..7%, TAHV 14.0%, and BATV 6.8%. The survey indicates circulation of mosquito-borne viruses TAHV and BATV and very low, if any, SINV activity in the area...

..5%. Sequence analysis of the PCR products confirmed their 100% homology with that of B. microti. The study represents the first evidence of B. microti in ixodid ticks in the Czech Republic...

..A surveillance for moboviruses and the diseases they cause in Europe is recommendable, because the cases may often pass unnoticed or misdiagnosed not only in free-living vertebrates but also in domestic animals and even in humans...

..We propose that these mammals may play a role in maintaining natural foci of Q-fever, Tahyna fever and Calovo virus infection...

..In conclusion, 13 (3.3%) of 391 wild birds had specific antibodies to WNV. The results indicate that WNV activity in southern Moravia was limited during 2004-2006...

..ricinus), 39% (H. concinna), and 35% (D. reticulatus) of the variance...

..Salivary gland extract derived from I. ricinus stimulated markedly the growth of three genomic species of borreliae. The results confirm a substantial role of salivary glands in the mechanism of pathogen transmission to vertebrate host...

..We suggest that factors contributing to the striking difference in prevalence of emmonsiosis between the two African mole-rat genera (Cryptomys, Heliophobius) may be their differing burrow types, burrow longevity, and social lives...

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..5% positive), with the titres of 1:64, 1:32, and 1:32, respectively. All the three sera were negative for antibody to tick-borne encephalitis virus. The results indicate that activity of WNV in southern Moravia was very low before 1990...

..In Europe, G. destructans was first identified in France in 2009. Its distribution, infection dynamics, and effects on hibernating bats in Europe are largely unknown...

..The study also reviews the importance of wild boar in Lyme borreliosis (LB) ecology. Wild boar serology may provide another means of surveillance of endemic areas of LB...

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..Nine similar cases of WNF import from the USA have already been reported in other European countries - France, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Germany...

..and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Data on cultivable microbial diversity in Eurasian tick species D. reticulatus and H. concinna are given, along with the extension of present knowledge concerning bacterial flora of I. ricinus...

..These arboviruses can cause febrile illness to aseptic (meningo)encephalitis of unclear etiology. The review points out the possible emergence of these neglected arboviruses in the foreseeable future and provides diagnostic guidance...

..and not by Ochrobactrum intermedium. The study demonstrates the limitations of commercial biochemical test systems in accurately differentiating among Ochrobactrum and Brucella...