Gabriel Matthew Leung

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..We examined variations in IPAQ validity in the Hong Kong Chinese population by six factors: sex, age, job status, educational level, body mass index (BMI), and visceral fat level (VFL)...

..We tested this hypothesis, using recalled childhood meat eating as a proxy for childhood nutrition, in southern China...

..We studied the association of birth weight and cardiovascular risk, using birth rank as an instrumental variable, in Southern China...

..e. southern Chinese, to provide an assessment of the specific impact of moderate alcohol use on mortality from ischemic heart disease (IHD) and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD)...

..We examined whether excess male risk of IHD mortality was higher with birth in an economically developed environment...

..problem based learning (PBL)) for undergraduate medical students...

..The aim of this study is to identify similarities and differences in SARS epidemiology in three populations with similar host and viral genotype...

..Systematic surveillance in southern China showed that ducks and geese are the primary reservoirs which transmit the virus to chickens, minor poultry and even migratory birds...

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..This study aims to identify key cost drivers and derive quantitative estimates of Hong Kong's LTC expenditure to 2036...

..We evaluated a pilot mobile smoking cessation service for the Chinese elderly in Hong Kong and identified predictors of quitting...

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..Our results also indicate that the local community's care-seeking orientation still very much favors western allopathic medicine over traditional Chinese therapy, at least for acute illness episodes...

..In previous literature, the stability and temporal evolution of psychobehavioral responses to an outbreak remained undefined, because of the exclusively cross-sectional nature of such study designs...

..To estimate the total domestic health expenditure in Hong Kong between fiscal years 1989/90 and 2001/02, with breakdown by financing source, provider, and function over time...

..What we demand in terms of burden of proof for educational effectiveness should be no less rigorous than our call for an ever escalating threshold concerning evidence of clinical care...

..To derive actuarial projection estimates of Hong Kong's total domestic health expenditure to the year 2033...

..To examine the secular effects of opportunistic screening for cervical cancer in a rich, developed community where most other such populations have long adopted organised screening. Design, setting, and..

..3. The characteristics of those who contracted the disease are determined including factors associated with the likelihood of mortality as a result of SARS coronavirus infection...

..Elective cesarean delivery is increasingly common. The potential effects of surgical delivery in an unselected sample of infants beyond the immediate neonatal period remain poorly defined...

..3. Comparative psycho-behavioural surveillance and analysis can yield important insights into generic versus population-specific issues that could be used to inform, design and benchmark public health infection control measures...

..A lesser role for private finance may improve horizontal equity of utilisation but would also reduce the degree of net redistribution through the public sector...

..As a share of total spending, public funding (either general government revenue or social security funds) was also lower than in most comparably developed economies, although commensurate with its public revenue collection base...

..19%) resulting in asymptomatic infection in this representative high-risk group of close contacts indicates that the prevailing SARS-CoV strains in Hong Kong almost always led to clinically apparent disease...

..The evidence on whether breast-feeding reduces health services use in nonwhite infants is scant. We examined the effects of breast-feeding on health services utilization in Hong Kong Chinese infants...

..They also tend to be excluded from clinical trials. The aim of this paper was to evaluate whether such differences extend to patients' willingness to be screened for diabetic nephropathy in a family practice setting...

..To examine the effects of cesarean and forceps or vacuum delivery and parental smoking habits on the initiation and duration of breast-feeding...

..Public health strategies directed at these underlying factors should be vigorously pursued to reduce the adverse effects of tobacco on breast feeding and infant health in general...

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..Given the slow adoption of medical informatics in Hong Kong and Asia, we sought to understand the contributory barriers and potential incentives associated with information technology implementation...

..Cash reward at the $20 level was the most cost-effective intervention, in terms of cost per responder. Further systematic examination of the effects of different incentive strategies in epidemiologic studies should be encouraged...

..As China moves towards a more westernised way of life, we can expect an emerging epidemic of breast cancer as Hong Kong's experience has demonstrated...

..We sought to systematically review the evidence for population-based mammography as applied to a Chinese population...

..We conclude that there are significant opportunities to strengthen research on standardised cost-of-illness analyses and new cost-effectiveness studies on a broader range of AD interventions...

..To explore factors related to emergency department (ED) attendances in Hong Kong, the authors piloted the application of conjoint analysis in eliciting patient preferences regarding ED visits...

..To examine the population impact and economic costs associated with environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in Chinese infants with non-smoking mothers...

..To develop a policy-relevant generalized cost-effectiveness (CE) model of population-based cancer screening for Chinese women...

..A supply-driven public sector and high out-of-pocket co-payments for private services likely explained these findings...

..The authors estimated the cost effectiveness of biennial mammography in Hong Kong Chinese women to inform evidence-based screening policies...

..Our findings suggest that the additional benefits and resource requirements of household-based interventions in reducing average levels of transmission should also be considered, even when expected levels of compliance are only moderate...

..Patients who were assigned longer waiting times relative to their expected horizon were more likely to seek private alternative care...

..The current data from Hong Kong, the most Westernized Chinese community, appear to support this conclusion...

..This could most likely be attributed to Hong Kong's socioeconomic developmental history and continuing adoption of westernized lifestyle changes...

..Targeted strategies should be implemented and evaluated using these results to reduce waiting time, doctor shopping, and ultimately nonattendance...

..Better utilization of influenza vaccine during annual epidemics in the tropics will enhance global vaccine production capacity and allow for better preparedness to meet the surge in demand that is inevitable in confronting a pandemic...

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..We examined prospective influenza surveillance data before, during, and after the closure. We did not find a substantial effect on community transmission...

..We estimate the serial interval of laboratory-confirmed influenza transmission in households...

..The relationship between seasonal influenza vaccine and susceptibility to 2009 pandemic A/H1N1 virus infection is not fully understood...

..Few data are available about the effectiveness of nonpharmaceutical interventions for preventing influenza virus transmission...

..Serial cross-sectional data on antibody levels to the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus from a population can be used to estimate the infection attack rates and immunity against future infection in the community...

..There are few data on the comparative epidemiology and virology of the pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus and cocirculating seasonal influenza A viruses in community settings...

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..Little is known about the longer-term impact of breast-feeding on infectious disease in children...

..Given the wide latitude for improvement in terms of readily modifiable risk factors, such as smoking and cesarean section, these new goals should focus on improving rates in these targeted groups where breastfeeding rates are lowest...

..We assessed the effectiveness of ribavirin and corticosteroids as the initial treatment for severe acute respiratory syndrome using propensity score analysis...

..We developed a mathematical model to test the hypothesis that a small stockpile of a secondary antiviral drug could be used to mitigate the adverse consequences of the emergence of resistant strains...

..To estimate the proportion of and characterize women who had received cervical and breast screening and to quantify the associated preventable burden of disease and potential iatrogenic harm...

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..CONCLUSIONS: This analysis of the complete data on the 2003 SARS epidemic in Hong Kong has revealed key epidemiologic features of the epidemic as it evolved...

..Harm reduction strategies should be rigorously adhered to when complete cessation is not possible...

..Thus, values were associated with adolescent suicidality, but not consistently in the direction predicted by some theorists, and the association depended upon the adolescent's sex...

..877 and 0.892 in the derivation and validation cohorts, respectively. CONCLUSION: The model performs well and could be useful in assessing prognosis for patients who are infected with re-emergent SARS...

..To investigate the optimal strategy to treat dyspeptic patients in primary care...

..Accurate and precise estimates of the incubation distribution of novel, emerging infectious diseases are vital to inform public health policy and to parameterize mathematical models...

..We evaluated three alternative statistical approaches where alert thresholds are based on recent data in both temperate and subtropical regions...

..e., less than the recommended dose for maximum protection) may provide substantial extra community-level benefits because they would permit wider vaccine coverage for a given total size of antigen stockpile...

..Therefore, despite substantial potential benefits of non-pro-rata policies, our results suggest that the current HHS policy of pro-rata allocation by state is a good compromise in terms of simplicity, robustness, equity and efficiency...

..Further research should concentrate on confirming the generalizability of these findings in other health care occupation groups and settings...

..It is essential to design hospital support systems and occupational health policy to promote the psychological well-being of nurses during future outbreaks of emerging infections...

..19%) were positive for SARS coronavirus immunoglobulin G antibody. SARS rarely manifests as a subclinical infection, and at present, wild animal species are the only important natural reservoirs of the virus...

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..lt;7%), with adjusted hazard ratios of 3.11 (95% confidence interval: 1.63, 5.92), 3.08 (95% confidence interval: 1.44, 6.57), 3.63 (95% confidence interval: 1.79, 7.33), and 0.77 (95% confidence interval: 0.18, 3.35), respectively...

..We implemented a study of the feasibility and efficacy of face masks and hand hygiene to reduce influenza transmission among Hong Kong household members...

..They also suggested that it was acceptable and feasible to implement such intervention in a pediatric outpatient clinic/ward in Hong Kong...

..The possible extent of CV design versus analysis in discrete-choice methods therefore warrants further exploration...

..The authors examined whether childhood BMI was associated with family or neighbourhood socio-economic characteristics in a recently and rapidly developed Chinese population...

..The very low seroprevalence implies little or no population herd immunity to protect against future resurgence of severe acute respiratory syndrome...

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..We assessed the indirect effectiveness of oseltamivir in reducing secondary household transmission in an incident cohort of influenza index patients and their household members...

..The responsiveness of the questionnaire was satisfactory. CONCLUSION: A reliable knowledge, attitude and behaviour measure of EBP teaching and learning appropriate for undergraduate medical education has been developed and validated...

..The full population health consequences of these changes are unlikely to manifest until persons who have spent their early lives in such environments reach an age at which they become vulnerable to chronic diseases...

..We concluded that multilingual home environment is associated with SLI with a dose-response relationship. Exposure to multiple languages might adversely affect subsequent language ability...