George G Chen

..The good ability of 5F to inhibit cancer cells makes it in line with the successful development of other anti-tumor agents...

..5F did not damage liver and renal functions. In conclusion, 5F is effective against HCC with minimal side effects. It induces apoptosis in HCC cells via inhibiting NF-kB, leading to the decrease of Bcl-2 but the increase of Bax and Bak...

..The early application of PGZ is able to prevent NNK-induced lung tumor development through maintaining the level of endogenous PPARγ ligands 15(S)-HETE and 13(S)-HODE and activation of PPARγ...

..The HO-1 pathway of apoptosis resistance is associated with an increase in the levels of p21, involves a p38 MAPK and ERK-mediated mechanism and can be suppressed by inhibiting NF-kappaB...

..Bcl-2, and to the less extent, Bcl-xL, were able to increase the activity of NF-kappa B, which was a known anti-apoptotic molecule in human colon cancer cells...

..The aberrant expression of Bcl-2 family members and Fas was, at least in part, responsible for decreased sensitivity of DNA-PK deficient glioblastoma cells to cell death stimuli...

..Such differential roles in the induction of glioblastoma cell death can be of significant value in selecting and/or optimizing the treatment for this malignant brain tumor...

..The relation between cigarette smoking and iNOS in human lung cancer is unknown...

..In conclusion, our study demonstrates that the production of TXB(2) is increased in lung tumor tissues and that such an increase can result in lipid peroxidation which may be met by an elevation in Bcl-2 expression...

..We will also review some novel treatments aiming to interfere with relevant pathways mediated by estrogens and its receptors...

..Chronic infection by hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the leading cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in man. The viral transactivator HBV X (HBx) gene plays a critical role in the molecular pathogenesis of HBV-related HCC...

..The lack of correlation between apoptosis and the expression of Bcl-2 family proteins suggests that spontaneous apoptosis in laryngeal carcinoma is a complex process and that molecules other than Bak, Bax, and Bcl-2 participate in it...

..ZBP-89 reduced the cells in G2-M but increased them in S phase. With the changes in caspase-6 and cell cycle, ZBP-89 greatly enhanced the killing effectiveness of 5-fluorouracil or staurosporine in HCC cells...

..To understand the potential mechanism underlying the differential expression of AFP, we have examined the sequence of the AFP promoter in HCC...

..The modulation of ERalpha and ERbeta and the intervention of their pathways may open up new potential targets for the treatment of thyroid cancer...

..HBV may participate in altering the level of PKR, but factors other than HBV should play a more determining role in the regulation of PKR in HCC. The association between PKR and AFP levels may offer an alternative tumor marker for HCC...

..The ratio of Bax to Bcl-2 is a useful index to evaluate tumor apoptosis induced by Kupffer cells. Our experiment also suggests that alteration of the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2 may result from increased levels of iNOS and TNF alpha...

..In conclusion, the present study indicates that molecules released from the activated macrophages provide significant signals to stimulate the expression of Fas/FasL and caspase-3, which function to induce apoptosis in glioma cells...

..This study suggested that a PPARgamma-Bcl-2 feedback loop may function to control the life-death continuum in colonic cells and that a deficiency in generation of PPARgamma ligands may precede the development of human colon cancer...

....

..Apoptosis of glioma induced by the activated macrophage is executed by way of both death receptor-dependent and independent pathways, and such an apoptosis-induced approach can effectively inhibit the growth of glioma in vivo...

..In conclusion, this study suggests that the nuclear localization of NFkappaB and p53 may play a role in the development of human laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma infected with HPV16...

..Disturbance in apoptosis has been proposed as one of the mechanisms involved in the immune response targeting tumor outgrowth. How colorectal cancer cells escape from attack by the immune system is not yet fully understood...

..The existence of gradient tumor-development center in chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and non-tumorous tissues from HCC may serve as a pathologic marker of a carcinogenic change of cell phenotypes...

..Therefore, this study suggests that a deficiency in the expression of Bid may contribute to the development of such an imbalance in HCC...

..Treatment of colon cancer cells with 15S-HETE inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in a PPARgamma-dependent pathway involving augmentation of TIEG and reduction of Bcl-2 expression...

..Collectively, 5F is effective against lung cancer in vivo with minimal side effects. It induces apoptosis in lung cancer through the mitochondrial-mediated pathway, in which the activation of ERK is critical...

..In conclusion, our study has demonstrated that TGZ, a synthetic PPARgamma ligand, induced apoptosis in NCI-H23 lung cancer cells via a mitochondrial pathway and this pathway was PPARgamma and ERK1/2 dependent...

..The findings reveal a novel molecular pathway of PPARgamma activation against cigarette smoking-related lung cancer...

..To investigate the prognostic value of HER2 and p63 expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC)...

..To investigate the cytotoxic effect of 5-fluorouracil (5Fu) on HPV16-associated laryngeal cancer cells...

..In conclusion, Bim alpha isoforms appears to have a role in the regulation of apoptosis in HCC cells, which may contribute to not only the growth of tumor cells but also the sensitivity of HCC cells to chemotherapy...

..The cell death induced by Ad/AFPtBid in HCC cells is via an apoptotic pathway that can be independent of p53 status...

..Our findings may also reveal the possibility of using the level of endogenous PPARγ ligands and the activities of PPARγ or PPARα as tumor markers for lung cancer...

....

..Collectively, apoptosis induced by 1-BI is associated with the over-production of ROS and the reduction of NF-κB. Antioxidants can significantly block the inhibitory effect of 1-BI...

..The mechanism of TGZ is associated with the activation of ERK and p38, the reduction of SAPK/JNK activity, and the alteration of Bcl-w and Bcl-2...

..The activation of PPARgamma inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in some cancers. The role of 15(S)-HETE) and 13(S)-HODE in the development of lung cancer is not clear...

..We conclude that the expression of Bax and its downstream molecules requires the presentation of a wild-type p53 in the cells treated by 5F...

..The elevation of the MT isoforms contributes to the decreased G0/G1 but increased G2-M phase. These results reveal a novel pathway for the expression of the functional MT in papillary thyroid cancer...

..Therefore, co-localization of p53 protein with ZBP-89 may define a subgroup of recurrent HCC that is more sensitive to treatment...

..The findings provide solid molecular evidence to explain the potential pathway for iodine to influence thyroid cancer development. It may also reveal some novel molecular targets for the treatment of thyroid cancer...

..The mechanism responsible appeared to be related to reduction of Bcl-xL and increased p38 MAPK. The overexpression of Bcl-xL can significantly prevent apoptosis induced by UCN-01...

..These results indicate the level of Bid expression is closely associated with the sensitivity of HCC cells to chemotherapeutic drugs, suggesting that Bid plays an important role in HCC management...

....

..Collectively, lung cancer cells produce high levels of TXB(2) but their nuclear p27 is markedly reduced. The inhibition of TXS results in the p27-related induction of cell death in lung cancer cells...

....

..Collectively, HBx reduces the sensitivity of HCC cells to chemotherapy. TSA in combination with etoposide can significantly overcome the increased resistance of HBx-expressing HCC cells to chemotherapy...

..In conclusion, this study demonstrated that ZBP-89 significantly induced apoptosis of HCC cells via promoting Bak level...

....

..The elucidation of the phase-specific effect of tBid points to a possible therapeutic option that combines different phase specific agents to overcome resistance of HCC...

....

....

..Prospects for future research leading to new therapies for lung cancer are also discussed...

..ZBP-89 plays a role in cell growth and death. Its expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is not well documented. This study aimed to analyse ZBP-89 expression in HCC...

..Ent-11-hydroxy-15-oxo-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid (5F) is known to exhibit antitumor activity, but its mechanism is not completely understood. 5F has not been tested in laryngeal cancer...

..The elucidation of these intricate mechanisms of Bid points to the development of a possible therapeutic option that combines cytotoxic therapies to treat HCC...

....

..Bax may participate, at least in part, in inducing p53-dependent apoptosis and the induction of p21 alone was able to cause cell cycle arrest but not apoptosis...

....

..We conclude that the combination of lovastatin and TRAIL enhances apoptosis synergistically. Moreover, lovastatin sensitized glioblastoma cells to TRAIL, suggesting a new strategy to treat glioblastoma...

..Systemically analysis of these targets will not only help to optimize the treatment but also provide a rationale for the best combination of two or more agents for the chemotherapy of laryngeal cancer...

..Elucidating the roles of iodine may generate novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to thyroid cancer and improve current strategies for its treatment and prevention...

..Moreover, ZBP-89 is capable of enhancing killing effects of several anti-cancer drugs. Therefore, ZBP-89 may be served as a potential target in cancer therapy...

..The induction of autophagy can thus account for the antiproliferative effect of SB203580 in HCC cells...

..Most of these genes have not been reported in HCC. Further characterization of these differentially expressed known and unknown genes will provide useful information in understanding the genes responsible for the development of HCC...

....

..Therefore, this study supports a novel pathway of Kupffer cells against liver metastases, in which tumor cells were apoptotic via the Fas-Fas ligand system induced by TNFalpha released from Kupffer cells...

..This could also occur in clusters of cells. Preferential migration of these cells took place in lesioned areas...

..These findings reveal a novel mechanism by which p53 is associated with Bid in the nucleus to facilitate exportation of Bid to the mitochondria and induce apoptosis in response to etoposide-induced DNA damage in HCC...

..05). Our results suggest that NPM may play an important role in the progression of tumorigenesis and that NPM may serve as a potential marker for HCC...

..4. Lymphopaenia in SARS patients is likely to result from indirect mechanisms secondary to the viral infection...

..2) To determine the methylation status of O(6)Methylguanine DNA methyltransferase in Chinese primary glioblastoma, and to assess the prognostic value of O(6)Methylguanine DNA methyltransferase methylation status in such patients...

..It appears that the effects of EPA on hepatoma cells are determined by the status of p53 and that wild-type p53 is a prerequisite for the anticancer effect of EPA...

..Inhibition of mast cell-derived IL-4 and TNF-alpha might explain the efficacy of SBL in treating allergic disease...

....

..These results suggest that the dysregulation of apoptotic molecules Bak and Bcl-2 by HPV 16 E6 and E7 plays a role in the prolongation of cell survival, which may subsequently contribute to the development of human laryngeal cancer...

..Nuclear factor-kappaB and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 function upstream of haem oxygenase-1. Therefore, haem oxygenase-1 is likely to be a potential target in the treatment of smoking-related lung cancer...

....

..Our results suggest that BRE influences steroidogenesis through its effects on 3beta-HSD action, probably affecting its transcription...

..From the therapeutic point of view, the finding that estradiol enhances anti-apoptotic signaling pathways may be significant in the search for novel prevention and treatment strategies of thyroid carcinomas...

..This review surveys recent developments in understanding the molecular mechanisms of Bid activation and its roles in regulating the cross-talk of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis...

..These results suggested that apoptosis induced by cadmium in FRO cells was initiated by the rapid elevation of intracellular calcium, followed by calcium-mediated activation of PI3K/Akt and mitochondrial impairment...

..In this study, it has been investigated how 17beta-oestradiol (E2) influenced proliferation and growth of thyroid cancer cells...

..The 35 genes mapped to the AP20 subregion of this locus were screened for their expression to identify candidate tumor suppressor genes. DLEC1 was selected for further characterization in primary hepatocellular carcinomas and cell lines...

..hDAB2IP is a candidate tumor suppressor gene. We studied the expression of its two variants, hDAB2IPA and hDAB2IPB, in normal tissues, and the expression and methylation status of hDAB2IPA in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) and cell lines...

....