R M Touyz

Summary

Affiliation: University of Ottawa
Country: Canada

Publications

  1. ncbi Differential regulation of transient receptor potential melastatin 6 and 7 cation channels by ANG II in vascular smooth muscle cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats
    Rhian M Touyz
    Kidney Research Centre, University of Ottawa, Rm 1333A, 451 Smyth Road, K1H 8M5, Ottawa, ON
    Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 290:R73-8. 2006
  2. ncbi Apocynin, NADPH oxidase, and vascular cells: a complex matter
    Rhian M Touyz
    Kidney Research Centre, University of Ottawa/Ottawa Health Research Institute, 451 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, Ontario, KIH 8M5 Canada
    Hypertension 51:172-4. 2008
  3. ncbi Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in vascular biology-molecular mechanisms and clinical implications
    Rhian M Touyz
    Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Health Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B Davis Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    Vascul Pharmacol 45:19-28. 2006
  4. ncbi Highlights and summary of the 2006 Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations
    R M Touyz
    Ottawa Health Research Institute, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
    Can J Cardiol 22:565-71. 2006
  5. ncbi Magnesium and hypertension
    Rhian M Touyz
    Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Health Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
    Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 15:141-4. 2006
  6. ncbi Reactive oxygen species as mediators of calcium signaling by angiotensin II: implications in vascular physiology and pathophysiology
    Rhian M Touyz
    Kidney Research Centre, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ontario, Canada
    Antioxid Redox Signal 7:1302-14. 2005
  7. ncbi Reactive oxygen species and vascular biology: implications in human hypertension
    Rhian M Touyz
    Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Health Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
    Hypertens Res 34:5-14. 2011
  8. ncbi NOX isoforms and reactive oxygen species in vascular health
    Rhian M Touyz
    Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Health Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
    Mol Interv 11:27-35. 2011
  9. ncbi Intracellular mechanisms involved in vascular remodelling of resistance arteries in hypertension: role of angiotensin II
    Rhian M Touyz
    Canadian Institutes for Health Research Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    Exp Physiol 90:449-55. 2005
  10. ncbi Transient receptor potential melastatin 6 and 7 channels, magnesium transport, and vascular biology: implications in hypertension
    Rhian M Touyz
    Kidney Research Center, Ottawa Heallth Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
    Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 294:H1103-18. 2008

Collaborators

Detail Information

Publications115 found, 100 shown here

  1. ncbi Differential regulation of transient receptor potential melastatin 6 and 7 cation channels by ANG II in vascular smooth muscle cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats
    Rhian M Touyz
    Kidney Research Centre, University of Ottawa, Rm 1333A, 451 Smyth Road, K1H 8M5, Ottawa, ON
    Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 290:R73-8. 2006
    ..This was associated with attenuated annexin-1 translocation and decreased VSMC [Mg2+]i in SHR. Downregulation of TRPM7, but not TRPM6, may play a role in altered Mg2+ homeostasis in VSMCs from SHR...
  2. ncbi Apocynin, NADPH oxidase, and vascular cells: a complex matter
    Rhian M Touyz
    Kidney Research Centre, University of Ottawa/Ottawa Health Research Institute, 451 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, Ontario, KIH 8M5 Canada
    Hypertension 51:172-4. 2008
  3. ncbi Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in vascular biology-molecular mechanisms and clinical implications
    Rhian M Touyz
    Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Health Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B Davis Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    Vascul Pharmacol 45:19-28. 2006
    ..The present chapter focuses on the role of PPARs in vascular biology and discusses the clinical implications of using PPAR agonists in the management of vascular disease...
  4. ncbi Highlights and summary of the 2006 Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations
    R M Touyz
    Ottawa Health Research Institute, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
    Can J Cardiol 22:565-71. 2006
    ....
  5. ncbi Magnesium and hypertension
    Rhian M Touyz
    Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Health Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
    Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 15:141-4. 2006
  6. ncbi Reactive oxygen species as mediators of calcium signaling by angiotensin II: implications in vascular physiology and pathophysiology
    Rhian M Touyz
    Kidney Research Centre, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ontario, Canada
    Antioxid Redox Signal 7:1302-14. 2005
    ..The present review discusses the importance of ROS in angiotensin II signaling in vascular biology and focuses specifically on the role of oxidative stress in Ca2+ signaling in the vasculature...
  7. ncbi Reactive oxygen species and vascular biology: implications in human hypertension
    Rhian M Touyz
    Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Health Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
    Hypertens Res 34:5-14. 2011
    ..This review highlights the importance of ROS in vascular biology and focuses on the potential role of oxidative stress in human hypertension...
  8. ncbi NOX isoforms and reactive oxygen species in vascular health
    Rhian M Touyz
    Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Health Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
    Mol Interv 11:27-35. 2011
    ..We review the current understanding of NOX signaling and regulatory mechanisms related to vascular health and disease...
  9. ncbi Intracellular mechanisms involved in vascular remodelling of resistance arteries in hypertension: role of angiotensin II
    Rhian M Touyz
    Canadian Institutes for Health Research Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    Exp Physiol 90:449-55. 2005
    ..The present review discusses the role of Ang II in remodelling of resistance arteries, focusing on some signalling pathways involved in vascular growth and inflammation in hypertension...
  10. ncbi Transient receptor potential melastatin 6 and 7 channels, magnesium transport, and vascular biology: implications in hypertension
    Rhian M Touyz
    Kidney Research Center, Ottawa Heallth Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
    Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 294:H1103-18. 2008
    ....
  11. ncbi Differential activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 and p38 mitogen activated-protein kinase by AT1 receptors in vascular smooth muscle cells from Wistar-Kyoto rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats
    R M Touyz
    Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Canada
    J Hypertens 19:553-9. 2001
    ....
  12. ncbi Role of extracellular signal-regulated kinases in angiotensin II-stimulated contraction of smooth muscle cells from human resistance arteries
    R M Touyz
    Medical Research Council Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    Circulation 99:392-9. 1999
    ..We assessed the role of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) in Ang II-stimulated contraction and associated signaling pathways in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from human small arteries...
  13. ncbi p38 Map kinase regulates vascular smooth muscle cell collagen synthesis by angiotensin II in SHR but not in WKY
    R M Touyz
    Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Canada
    Hypertension 37:574-80. 2001
    ..These results indicate differential roles of ERK1/2 and p38 MAP kinase in AT(1)-stimulated VSMC growth and collagen production, which may contribute to vascular remodeling in hypertension...
  14. ncbi Differential ANG II-induced growth activation pathways in mesenteric artery smooth muscle cells from SHR
    M El Mabrouk
    Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2W 1R7
    Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 281:H30-9. 2001
    ..In SHR VSMCs, PI3 kinase plays a role in augmented angiotensin II-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation. These angiotensin II-mediated signaling events could contribute to vascular remodeling in SHR...
  15. ncbi Mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase inhibition attenuates angiotensin II-mediated signaling and contraction in spontaneously hypertensive rat vascular smooth muscle cells
    R M Touyz
    Experimental Hypertension Laboratory, Medical Research Council Multidisciplinary Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    Circ Res 84:505-15. 1999
    ..MAP/ERK inhibition abrogated sustained contraction and normalized Ang II effects in SHR. These data suggest that ERK-dependent signaling pathways influence contraction and that they play a role in vascular hyperresponsiveness in SHR...
  16. ncbi Role of AT2 receptors in angiotensin II-stimulated contraction of small mesenteric arteries in young SHR
    R M Touyz
    Medical Research Council Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal and Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec
    Hypertension 33:366-72. 1999
    ....
  17. ncbi Angiotensin II stimulates DNA and protein synthesis in vascular smooth muscle cells from human arteries: role of extracellular signal-regulated kinases
    R M Touyz
    MRC Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    J Hypertens 17:907-16. 1999
    ..This study investigates the growth effects and associated signaling pathways of angiotensin II (Ang II) in human vascular smooth muscle cells...
  18. ncbi Src is an important mediator of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2-dependent growth signaling by angiotensin II in smooth muscle cells from resistance arteries of hypertensive patients
    R M Touyz
    Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    Hypertension 38:56-64. 2001
    ..Because AT(1) receptor expression was unaltered in HTs, increased Ang II signaling may be a postreceptor phenomenon. These data define a signal transduction pathway whereby Ang II mediates exaggerated growth in VSMCs from HTs...
  19. ncbi Correction of arterial structure and endothelial dysfunction in human essential hypertension by the angiotensin receptor antagonist losartan
    E L Schiffrin
    Medical Research Council Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    Circulation 101:1653-9. 2000
    ....
  20. ncbi Treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetic hypertensive patients with Ca2+ channel blockers is associated with increased platelet sensitivity to insulin
    R M Touyz
    Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    Am J Hypertens 8:1214-21. 1995
    ....
  21. ncbi Effects of low dietary magnesium intake on development of hypertension in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats: role of reactive oxygen species
    Rhian M Touyz
    Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Canada
    J Hypertens 20:2221-32. 2002
    ....
  22. ncbi Mesenteric vascular smooth muscle cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats display increased calcium responses to angiotensin II but not to endothelin-1
    R M Touyz
    Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    J Hypertens 12:663-73. 1994
    ..The differential effects of these two vasoconstrictor peptides may contribute to their relative roles in modulating vascular smooth muscle cell cytosolic free calcium in SHR...
  23. ncbi Antioxidant effects of vitamins C and E are associated with altered activation of vascular NADPH oxidase and superoxide dismutase in stroke-prone SHR
    X Chen
    Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    Hypertension 38:606-11. 2001
    ..These effects may be mediated via modulation of enzyme systems that generate free radicals...
  24. ncbi Increased generation of superoxide by angiotensin II in smooth muscle cells from resistance arteries of hypertensive patients: role of phospholipase D-dependent NAD(P)H oxidase-sensitive pathways
    R M Touyz
    Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Canada
    J Hypertens 19:1245-54. 2001
    ....
  25. ncbi PPARalpha activator effects on Ang II-induced vascular oxidative stress and inflammation
    Quy N Diep
    CIHR Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    Hypertension 40:866-71. 2002
    ..These effects are associated with decreased oxidative stress and inflammation in the vascular wall...
  26. ncbi Redox-sensitive signaling by angiotensin II involves oxidative inactivation and blunted phosphorylation of protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 in vascular smooth muscle cells from SHR
    Fatiha Tabet
    Kidney Research Institute, OHRI University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada
    Circ Res 103:149-58. 2008
    ..We identify a novel redox-sensitive SHP-2-dependent pathway for Ang II in VSMCs. SHP-2 dysregulation by increased Nox1-derived ROS in SHR is associated with altered Ang II-AKT signaling...
  27. ncbi Spironolactone improves angiotensin-induced vascular changes and oxidative stress
    Agostino Virdis
    Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    Hypertension 40:504-10. 2002
    ..Our findings suggest that aldosterone may mediate some of angiotensin II-induced vascular effects in hypertension, in part via increased oxidative stress...
  28. ncbi Activation of the Na(+)-H+ exchanger modulates angiotensin II-stimulated Na(+)-dependent Mg2+ transport in vascular smooth muscle cells in genetic hypertension
    R M Touyz
    Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    Hypertension 34:442-9. 1999
    ..These data demonstrate that in VSMCs [Mg2+]i regulation is Na+ dependent, that activation of NHE modulates Na(+)-Mg2+ transport, and that increased activity of NHE may play a role in altered Na(+)-dependent regulation of [Mg2+]i in SHR...
  29. ncbi Synergistic vascular protective effects of combined low doses of PPARalpha and PPARgamma activators in angiotensin II-induced hypertension in rats
    C De Ciuceis
    Vascular and Hypertension Research Unit, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B Davis Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    Br J Pharmacol 151:45-53. 2007
    ....
  30. ncbi p47phox associates with the cytoskeleton through cortactin in human vascular smooth muscle cells: role in NAD(P)H oxidase regulation by angiotensin II
    R M Touyz
    Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Canada
    Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 25:512-8. 2005
    ....
  31. ncbi Transient receptor potential melastatin 7 ion channels regulate magnesium homeostasis in vascular smooth muscle cells: role of angiotensin II
    Ying He
    CIHR Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Canada
    Circ Res 96:207-15. 2005
    ..These novel findings identify TRPM7 as a functionally important regulator of Mg2+ homeostasis and growth in VSMCs...
  32. ncbi Eplerenone prevents salt-induced vascular remodeling and cardiac fibrosis in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats
    Dierk H Endemann
    CIHR Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Canada
    Hypertension 43:1252-7. 2004
    ..These effects were attenuated by eplerenone, particularly in the salt-loaded state, underlining the pathophysiological role of aldosterone in salt-sensitive hypertension...
  33. ncbi Inhibition of mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase improves endothelial function and attenuates Ang II-induced contractility of mesenteric resistance arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats
    Rhian M Touyz
    Laboratory of Experimental Hypertension, bLaboratory of Experimental Cardiovascular Biology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    J Hypertens 20:1127-34. 2002
    ..In the present in vivo study, we investigated whether short-term inhibition of ERK1/2-dependent signaling pathways influences vascular function and blood pressure (BP) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR)...
  34. ncbi Bradykinin regulates calpain and proinflammatory signaling through TRPM7-sensitive pathways in vascular smooth muscle cells
    Alvaro Yogi
    Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Health Research Institute, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd Ottawa, ON, Canada KIH 8M5
    Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 296:R201-7. 2009
    ..These findings identify a novel signaling pathway for bradykinin, which involves TRPM7. Such phenomena may play a role in bradykinin/B2 receptor-mediated inflammatory responses in vascular cells...
  35. ncbi Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced oxidase 5 (Nox5) regulation by angiotensin II and endothelin-1 is mediated via calcium/calmodulin-dependent, rac-1-independent pathways in human endothelial cells
    Augusto C Montezano
    Kidney Research Centre, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, K1H 8M5, Ontario, Canada
    Circ Res 106:1363-73. 2010
    ..Although Nox5 (Nox2 homolog) has been identified in the vasculature, its regulation and functional significance remain unclear...
  36. ncbi NADPH oxidases, reactive oxygen species, and hypertension: clinical implications and therapeutic possibilities
    Tamara M Paravicini
    Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Health Research Institute, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, K1H 8M5, Ontario, Canada
    Diabetes Care 31:S170-80. 2008
    ..We also discuss the potential role of targeting ROS as a therapeutic possibility in the management of hypertension and cardiovascular disease...
  37. ncbi Effect of hyperhomocystinemia and hypertension on endothelial function in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase-deficient mice
    Agostino Virdis
    Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23:1352-7. 2003
    ..We evaluated the effect of hyperhomocystinemia and angiotensin (Ang) II on vascular function and structure in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase knockout mice (Mthfr+/-)...
  38. ncbi Aldosterone and angiotensin II synergistically stimulate migration in vascular smooth muscle cells through c-Src-regulated redox-sensitive RhoA pathways
    A C Montezano
    Ottawa Health Research Institute, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, K1H 8M5, Ontario, Canada
    Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 28:1511-8. 2008
    ....
  39. ncbi Endothelin-A-receptor blockade improves renal function and doubles the lifespan of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats
    R M Touyz
    MRC Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 36:S300-4. 2000
    ..These data suggest that interruption of the endothelin (ET) system by blockade of ETA-receptors may achieve protection from target-organ damage despite lack of a reduction in blood pressure...
  40. ncbi The 2004 Canadian recommendations for the management of hypertension: Part III--Lifestyle modifications to prevent and control hypertension
    R M Touyz
    Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    Can J Cardiol 20:55-9. 2004
    ..To provide updated, evidence-based recommendations regarding the role of lifestyle modification in the treatment and prevention of hypertension...
  41. ncbi Growth factors mediate intracellular signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells through protein kinase C-linked pathways
    R M Touyz
    Experimental Hypertension Laboratory, MRC Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal and Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
    Hypertension 30:1440-7. 1997
    ..The underlying pathways that mediate these responses are partially dependent on Na+/ Ca2+ transporters and the Na+/H+ exchanger, both of which are linked to PKC activation...
  42. ncbi Ang II-stimulated superoxide production is mediated via phospholipase D in human vascular smooth muscle cells
    R M Touyz
    Experimental Hypertension Laboratory, MRC Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal and Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2W 1R7
    Hypertension 34:976-82. 1999
    ..These cascades may function as second messengers in long-term Ang II-mediated growth-signaling events...
  43. ncbi Resistance artery remodeling in deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertension is dependent on vascular inflammation: evidence from m-CSF-deficient mice
    Eun A Ko
    1Hypertension and Vascular Research Unit, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B Davis Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 292:H1789-95. 2007
    ....
  44. ncbi Reduced vascular remodeling, endothelial dysfunction, and oxidative stress in resistance arteries of angiotensin II-infused macrophage colony-stimulating factor-deficient mice: evidence for a role in inflammation in angiotensin-induced vascular injury
    Carolina De Ciuceis
    CIHR Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 25:2106-13. 2005
    ..We therefore investigated Ang II effects on vascular structure, function, and oxidant stress generation in this model...
  45. ncbi Reactive oxygen species, vascular oxidative stress, and redox signaling in hypertension: what is the clinical significance?
    Rhian M Touyz
    CIHR Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    Hypertension 44:248-52. 2004
    ..Finally, important avenues for future research in the field of ROS, oxidative stress, and redox signaling in hypertension are considered...
  46. ncbi Aldosterone activates vascular p38MAP kinase and NADPH oxidase via c-Src
    Glaucia E Callera
    CIHR Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Canada
    Hypertension 45:773-9. 2005
    ..Taken together, our findings demonstrate that nongenomic signaling by aldosterone occurs through c-Src-dependent pathways. These processes may play an important role in profibrotic actions of aldosterone...
  47. ncbi Endothelium-restricted overexpression of human endothelin-1 causes vascular remodeling and endothelial dysfunction
    Farhad Amiri
    Experimental Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    Circulation 110:2233-40. 2004
    ..To directly test the role of endothelium-derived ET-1 in cardiovascular pathophysiology, we specifically targeted expression of the human preproET-1 gene to the endothelium by using the Tie-2 promoter in C57BL/6 mice...
  48. ncbi Redox-dependent MAP kinase signaling by Ang II in vascular smooth muscle cells: role of receptor tyrosine kinase transactivation
    Rhian M Touyz
    Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
    Can J Physiol Pharmacol 81:159-67. 2003
    ..These findings suggest that Ang II activates p38MAP kinase and ERK5 via redox-dependent cascades that are regulated by IGF-1R and EGFR transactivation. ERK1/2 regulation by Ang II is via redox-insensitive pathways...
  49. ncbi Endothelin antagonism on aldosterone-induced oxidative stress and vascular remodeling
    Qian Pu
    Canadian Institutes of Health Research Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, 110 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2W 1R7
    Hypertension 42:49-55. 2003
    ..Endothelin blockade may exert beneficial effects on vascular remodeling, fibrosis, oxidative stress, and adhesion molecule expression in aldosterone-induced hypertension...
  50. ncbi Role of NAD(P)H oxidase on vascular alterations in angiotensin II-infused mice
    Agostino Virdis
    CIHR Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    J Hypertens 22:535-42. 2004
    ..Our findings suggest that NAD(P)H oxidase activity plays an important role in vascular functional and structural changes and in the composition of the vascular wall in Ang II-dependent hypertension...
  51. ncbi Role of magnesium in the pathogenesis of hypertension
    R M Touyz
    Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, 110 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Que, Canada H2W IR7
    Mol Aspects Med 24:107-36. 2003
    ..Alterations in magnesium regulation in experimental and clinical hypertension and the potential antihypertensive therapeutic actions of magnesium will also be addressed...
  52. ncbi c-Src induces phosphorylation and translocation of p47phox: role in superoxide generation by angiotensin II in human vascular smooth muscle cells
    R M Touyz
    Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
    Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23:981-7. 2003
    ..The aim of this study was to determine molecular mechanisms whereby c-Src regulates angiotensin II (Ang II)-mediated NAD(P)H oxidase-derived *O2- in human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs)...
  53. ncbi Comparison of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), neutral endopeptidase (NEP) and dual ACE/NEP inhibition on blood pressure and resistance arteries of deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertensive rats
    Qian Pu
    Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    J Hypertens 20:899-907. 2002
    ..NEP inhibition is involved to a large extent in the effect of omapatrilat in DOCA-salt rats. These actions of omapatrilat may confer protection against end-organ damage characteristic of severe hypertension...
  54. ncbi Endothelial cells negatively modulate reactive oxygen species generation in vascular smooth muscle cells: role of thioredoxin
    Shaoping Xu
    Kidney Research Centre, University of Ottawa Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 451 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, Canada KIH 8M5
    Hypertension 54:427-33. 2009
    ..Our data identify novel mechanisms whereby ECs protect against VSMC oxidative stress, a process that may be important in maintaining vascular integrity...
  55. ncbi Position of Src tyrosine kinases in the interaction between angiotensin II and endothelin in in vivo vascular protein synthesis
    Pierre Beaucage
    Faculte de Pharmacie, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    J Hypertens 23:329-35. 2005
    ..Since Src tyrosine kinases can be activated by both agonists, we studied their role in the trophic action of angiotensin II, endothelin and their interaction in rat small mesenteric arteries...
  56. ncbi Increased angiotensin II-mediated Src signaling via epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation is associated with decreased C-terminal Src kinase activity in vascular smooth muscle cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats
    Rhian M Touyz
    Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
    Hypertension 39:479-85. 2002
    ..In conclusion, altered regulation of Ang II type 1 receptor-activated c-Src by Csk may be an important upstream modulator of abnormal ERK1/2 signaling in VSMCs from SHR...
  57. ncbi Regulation of the novel Mg2+ transporter transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7) cation channel by bradykinin in vascular smooth muscle cells
    Glaucia E Callera
    Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Health Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
    J Hypertens 27:155-66. 2009
    ..Transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7) channels have been identified in the vasculature. However, their regulation and function remain unclear...
  58. ncbi Expression of NAD(P)H oxidase subunits and their contribution to cardiovascular damage in aldosterone/salt-induced hypertensive rat
    Young Mee Park
    Samsung Biomedical Research Institutue, Ottawa Health Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
    J Korean Med Sci 23:1039-45. 2008
    ..Therefore, the increased expression of NAD(P)H oxidase may contribute to cardiovascular damage in aldosterone-salt hypertension through the increased expression of each subunit...
  59. ncbi Differential calcium regulation by hydrogen peroxide and superoxide in vascular smooth muscle cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats
    Fatiha Tabet
    CIHR Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 44:200-8. 2004
    ..These effects may relate to differential activation of Ca2+ channels by H2O2 and *O2-. Enhanced activation of L-type Ca2+ channels and increased Ca2+ influx by H2O2 may contribute to increased Ca2+ signaling in VSMCs from SHR...
  60. ncbi Redox signaling in hypertension
    Tamara M Paravicini
    Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Health Research Institute, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, K1H 8M5, Ontario, Canada
    Cardiovasc Res 71:247-58. 2006
    ..The present review describes some of the redox-sensitive signaling pathways that are involved in the functional and structural vascular changes associated with hypertension...
  61. ncbi Expression of a functionally active gp91phox-containing neutrophil-type NAD(P)H oxidase in smooth muscle cells from human resistance arteries: regulation by angiotensin II
    Rhian M Touyz
    Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
    Circ Res 90:1205-13. 2002
    ..These novel findings provide insight into the molecular regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase by Ang II in HVSMCs. Furthermore, we identify differences in gp91phox homologue expression in VSMCs from rats and human small and large arteries...
  62. ncbi SAM68: a downstream target of angiotensin II signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells in genetic hypertension
    Mohammed El Mabrouk
    Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2W 1R7
    Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 286:H1954-62. 2004
    ..Our data demonstrate that PI3K and SAM68 are involved in ANG II signaling and that SAM68 is differentially regulated in VSMCs from SHR. These processes may contribute to the enhanced ANG II signaling and altered VSMC growth in SHR...
  63. ncbi Reactive oxygen species in vascular biology: implications in hypertension
    R M Touyz
    Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, 110 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec, H2W 1R7, Canada
    Histochem Cell Biol 122:339-52. 2004
    ..The present chapter focuses on the importance of ROS in vascular biology and discusses the role of oxidative stress in vascular damage in hypertension...
  64. ncbi Angiotensin II type I receptor modulates intracellular free Mg2+ in renally derived cells via Na+-dependent Ca2+-independent mechanisms
    R M Touyz
    Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada
    J Biol Chem 276:13657-63. 2001
    ....
  65. ncbi Endothelin-1, but not Ang II, activates MAP kinases through c-Src independent Ras-Raf dependent pathways in vascular smooth muscle cells
    A Yogi
    Kidney Research Centre, University of Ottawa Ottawa Health Research Institute, 451 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, KIH 8M5
    Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 27:1960-7. 2007
    ..Here we sought to determine whether upstream regulators of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are differentially regulated by ET-1 and Ang II focusing on the role of c-Src and the small GTPase Ras...
  66. ncbi Expression of cell cycle proteins in blood vessels of angiotensin II-infused rats: role of AT(1) receptors
    Q N Diep
    Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    Hypertension 37:604-8. 2001
    ..Reduction in cell cycle kinase inhibitors p21 and p27 may contribute to activation of growth induced by in vivo AT(1) receptor stimulation...
  67. ncbi Signal transduction mechanisms mediating the physiological and pathophysiological actions of angiotensin II in vascular smooth muscle cells
    R M Touyz
    Medical Research Council of Canada Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    Pharmacol Rev 52:639-72. 2000
    ....
  68. ncbi Oxidative stress and vascular damage in hypertension
    R M Touyz
    MRC Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, 110 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada
    Curr Hypertens Rep 2:98-105. 2000
    ..This review focuses on the vascular effects of reactive oxygen species and the role of oxidative stress in vascular damage in hypertension...
  69. ncbi Chronic treatment with a superoxide dismutase mimetic prevents vascular remodeling and progression of hypertension in salt-loaded stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats
    Jeong Bae Park
    Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    Am J Hypertens 15:78-84. 2002
    ..Our data suggest that oxidative stress plays an important role in vascular damage associated with severe hypertension in salt-loaded SHRSP...
  70. ncbi Angiotensin type 2 receptor in resistance arteries of type 2 diabetic hypertensive patients
    Carmine Savoia
    Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B Davis Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    Hypertension 49:341-6. 2007
    ....
  71. ncbi Cardiac hypertrophy is associated with altered thioredoxin and ASK-1 signaling in a mouse model of menopause
    Talin Ebrahimian
    Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
    Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295:H1481-8. 2008
    ..Our data suggest that in a model of menopause, protective actions of TRX may be blunted, which could contribute to cardiac remodeling independently of oxidative stress and hypertension...
  72. ncbi Negative regulation of RhoA/Rho kinase by angiotensin II type 2 receptor in vascular smooth muscle cells: role in angiotensin II-induced vasodilation in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats
    Carmine Savoia
    CIHR Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    J Hypertens 23:1037-45. 2005
    ....
  73. ncbi Mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by hydrogen peroxide is mediated through tyrosine kinase-dependent, protein kinase C-independent pathways in vascular smooth muscle cells: upregulation in spontaneously hypertensive rats
    Fatiha Tabet
    Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    J Hypertens 23:2005-12. 2005
    ..The upregulation of these processes may contribute to enhanced redox-dependent MAP kinase signaling in SHR VSMC...
  74. ncbi Effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha and -gamma activators on vascular remodeling in endothelin-dependent hypertension
    Marc Iglarz
    CIHR Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23:45-51. 2003
    ..CONCLUSIONS: PPAR-alpha and -gamma activators were able to modulate endogenous production of ET-1 and had beneficial vascular effects in endothelin-dependent hypertension...
  75. ncbi Involvement of oxidative stress in the profibrotic action of aldosterone. Interaction wtih the renin-angiotension system
    Marc Iglarz
    Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    Am J Hypertens 17:597-603. 2004
    ..CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that the profibrotic but not the hypertrophic action of aldosterone are mediated at least in part by reactive oxygen species generation and involve an interaction with the renin-angiotensin system...
  76. ncbi Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha and receptor-gamma activators prevent cardiac fibrosis in mineralocorticoid-dependent hypertension
    Marc Iglarz
    CIHR Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    Hypertension 42:737-43. 2003
    ..Taken together, these data indicate a modulatory role of PPAR activators on cardiac remodeling in mineralocorticoid-induced hypertension, in part associated with decreased ET-1 production...
  77. ncbi Ethanol-induced vasoconstriction is mediated via redox-sensitive cyclo-oxygenase-dependent mechanisms
    Alvaro Yogi
    Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
    Clin Sci (Lond) 118:657-68. 2010
    ..These findings identify putative molecular mechanisms whereby ethanol, at high concentrations, influences vascular reactivity. Whether similar phenomena occur in vivo at lower concentrations of ethanol remains unclear...
  78. ncbi Attenuated responses to angiotensin II in follitropin receptor knockout mice, a model of menopause-associated hypertension
    Danesh Javeshghani
    Experimental Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Quebec, 110 Pine Ave West, Montreal, H2W 1R7, Canada
    Hypertension 42:761-7. 2003
    ..Our findings suggest that vascular Ang II signaling is downregulated in female FORKO mice and that Ang II may not play an important role in blood pressure elevation in this model of menopause-associated hypertension...
  79. ncbi Reactive oxygen species and angiotensin II signaling in vascular cells -- implications in cardiovascular disease
    R M Touyz
    Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Canadian Institute of Health Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    Braz J Med Biol Res 37:1263-73. 2004
    ..The present review focuses on the biology of ROS in Ang II signaling in vascular cells and discusses how oxidative stress contributes to vascular damage in cardiovascular disease...
  80. ncbi Critical role of Nox4-based NADPH oxidase in glucose-induced oxidative stress in the kidney: implications in type 2 diabetic nephropathy
    M Sedeek
    Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and Deptartment of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
    Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 299:F1348-58. 2010
    ..These findings implicate Nox4-based NADPH oxidase in molecular mechanisms underlying fibrosis in type 2 diabetic nephropathy...
  81. ncbi Recent advances in angiotensin II signaling
    R M Touyz
    Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    Braz J Med Biol Res 35:1001-15. 2002
    ....
  82. ncbi The role of angiotensin II in regulating vascular structural and functional changes in hypertension
    Rhian M Touyz
    Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, 110 Pine Avenue West, Canada
    Curr Hypertens Rep 5:155-64. 2003
    ..In addition, cellular processes whereby Ang II influences vessels in hypertension are discussed. Finally, novel concepts related to signaling pathways by which Ang II regulates vascular smooth muscle cells in hypertension are introduced...
  83. ncbi Dysregulation of vascular TRPM7 and annexin-1 is associated with endothelial dysfunction in inherited hypomagnesemia
    Tamara M Paravicini
    Kidney Research Centre, University of Ottawa Ottawa Health Research Institute, 451 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, KIH 8M5 Canada
    Hypertension 53:423-9. 2009
    ..Alterations in magnesium status and/or TRPM7 signaling may contribute to vascular injury in conditions associated with hypomagnesemia...
  84. ncbi Modulation of vascular smooth muscle cell growth by magnesium-role of mitogen-activated protein kinases
    Rhian M Touyz
    Canadian Institute for Health Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    J Cell Physiol 197:326-35. 2003
    ..These data demonstrate the novel findings that cell cycle activation and growth regulation by Mg(2+) occurs via ERK1/2-dependent, p38 MAP kinase-independent pathways...
  85. ncbi Persistent remodeling of resistance arteries in type 2 diabetic patients on antihypertensive treatment
    Dierk H Endemann
    CIHR Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    Hypertension 43:399-404. 2004
    ....
  86. ncbi Up-regulation of vascular and renal mitogen-activated protein kinases in hypertensive rats is normalized by inhibitors of the Na+/Mg2+ exchanger
    Rhian M Touyz
    Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, 110 Pine Ave West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2W 1R7
    Clin Sci (Lond) 105:235-42. 2003
    ..The findings from this study suggest a possible role for the Na(+)/Mg(2+) exchanger in vascular signalling events associated with blood pressure elevation in Ang II-dependent hypertension...
  87. ncbi Vascular signaling through cholesterol-rich domains: implications in hypertension
    Glaucia E Callera
    Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Health Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
    Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 16:90-104. 2007
    ..The present review focuses on recent advances in signal transduction through caveolae/lipid rafts, implicated in hypertensive processes...
  88. ncbi c-Src-dependent nongenomic signaling responses to aldosterone are increased in vascular myocytes from spontaneously hypertensive rats
    Glaucia E Callera
    Ottawa Health Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
    Hypertension 46:1032-8. 2005
    ..Upregulation of c-Src signaling may be important in the profibrotic and proinflammatory actions of aldosterone in this genetic model of hypertension...
  89. ncbi Tyrosine kinase inhibition attenuates vasopressin-induced contraction of mesenteric resistance arteries: alterations in spontaneously hypertensive rats
    Dierk Endemann
    Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 40:123-32. 2002
    ..These processes do not seem to play an important role in AVP-induced hypercontractility in SHR with established hypertension...
  90. ncbi Endothelin-1-induced oxidative stress in DOCA-salt hypertension involves NADPH-oxidase-independent mechanisms
    Glaucia E Callera
    Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Health Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
    Clin Sci (Lond) 110:243-53. 2006
    ..Mitochondria may play a role in ET-1-driven oxidative stress, as evidenced by increased mitochondrial-derived ROS in this model of hypertension...
  91. ncbi Sphingosine-1-phosphate-induced inflammation involves receptor tyrosine kinase transactivation in vascular cells: upregulation in hypertension
    Alvaro Yogi
    Kidney Research Centre, University of Ottawa Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 451 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, Ontario KIH 8M5, Canada
    Hypertension 57:809-18. 2011
    ..Such molecular events may contribute to vascular inflammation in hypertension...
  92. ncbi Angiotensin II-dependent chronic hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy are unaffected by gp91phox-containing NADPH oxidase
    Rhian M Touyz
    CIHR Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    Hypertension 45:530-7. 2005
    ....
  93. ncbi Novel Nox homologues in the vasculature: focusing on Nox4 and Nox5
    Augusto C Montezano
    Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8M5
    Clin Sci (Lond) 120:131-41. 2011
    ..The present review focuses on these unique Noxes, Nox4 and Nox5, and provides novel concepts related to the regulation and interaction in the vasculature, and discusses new potential roles for these isoforms in vascular biology...
  94. ncbi Receptor and nonreceptor tyrosine kinases in vascular biology of hypertension
    Alvaro Yogi
    Kidney Research Center, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
    Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 19:169-76. 2010
    ..The present review focuses on current findings regarding the role of tyrosine kinases and signaling in vascular pathobiology of hypertension...
  95. ncbi Reactive oxygen species and vascular remodelling in hypertension: still alive
    Shaoping Xu
    Kidney Research Center, Ottawa Health Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
    Can J Cardiol 22:947-51. 2006
    ..Interventions to decrease ROS bioavailability regress remodelling and reduce blood pressure in experimental hypertension. Such strategies may have therapeutic potential in cardiovascular diseases...
  96. ncbi Renal redox-sensitive signaling, but not blood pressure, is attenuated by Nox1 knockout in angiotensin II-dependent chronic hypertension
    Alvaro Yogi
    Kidney Research Centre, Ontario Health Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
    Hypertension 51:500-6. 2008
    ....
  97. ncbi Thioredoxin in vascular biology: role in hypertension
    Talin Ebrahimian
    Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B Davis Jewish General Hospital, Hypertension and Vascular Research Unit, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    Antioxid Redox Signal 10:1127-36. 2008
    ..In addition, the pathopysiological role of TRX in hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases is addressed...
  98. ncbi Molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating vascular function and structure--implications in the pathogenesis of hypertension
    R M Touyz
    Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, 110 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada
    Can J Cardiol 16:1137-46. 2000
    ..The present review discusses recent developments in the understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying vascular regulation in hypertension...
  99. ncbi Altered cardiac endothelin receptors and protein kinase C in deoxycorticosterone-salt hypertensive rats
    J Fareh
    MRC Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H2W 1R7, Canada
    J Mol Cell Cardiol 32:665-76. 2000
    ....
  100. ncbi Vascular biology of endothelin
    E L Schiffrin
    MRC Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertention, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 32:S2-13. 1998
    ....
  101. ncbi Adipocyte-derived factors regulate vascular smooth muscle cells through mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors
    Aurelie Nguyen Dinh Cat
    Ottawa Hospital Research Institute University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, K1H 8M5 Ontario, Canada
    Hypertension 58:479-88. 2011
    ..Such cross-talk between adipocytes and VSMCs may provide a potential molecular mechanism linking renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, adipocytes, and vascular function...