Cyril Kendall

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..In larger cohort studies, low glycaemic index foods or low glycaemic load diets have been associated with higher HDL-cholesterol levels and reduced incidence of diabetes and cardiovascular disease...

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..Overall, there are good reasons to justify further exploration of the use of nuts in the prevention of diabetes and its micro- and macrovascular complications...

..004, respectively). We conclude that reductions in 24-hour insulin secretion appear to be a further metabolic advantage of nuts that in the longer term may help to explain the association of nut consumption with reduced CHD risk...

..This approach has increased the potential relevance of dietary therapy and may yield nutrition strategies that bridge the gap between what is regarded as a good diet and drug therapy...

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..However, as recent positive research findings continue to mount, there is reason for optimism over the possible health advantages of those resistant starches, which are slowly digested in the small intestine...

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..These reductions were the same as found with a starting dose of a first-generation statin drug...

..Newer dietary approaches combining cholesterol-lowering foods may offer another option, but these approaches have not been compared directly with statins in the same persons...

..Almonds are likely to lower this risk by decreasing the glycemic excursion and by providing antioxidants. These actions may relate to mechanisms by which nuts are associated with a decreased risk of CHD...

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..This review assesses the relative effect of fat versus carbohydrate and the differences between fatty acids and types of carbohydrate on insulin resistance and associated risk factors for diabetes and cardiovascular disease...

..Mechanistic studies and larger, randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind trials in both healthy and high-risk populations are necessary to better understand the health effects of these supplements...

..Combining foods with recognized cholesterol-lowering properties (dietary portfolio) has proven highly effective in lowering serum cholesterol under metabolically controlled conditions...

..Despite inconsistencies in the data, sufficient, positive findings have emerged to suggest that the dietary glycemic index is of potential importance in the treatment and prevention of chronic diseases...

..Many of the benefits of soy have been attributed to soy isoflavones...

..Cohort studies indicate that cereal fiber reduces the risk of diabetes and coronary heart disease (CHD). Therefore, we assessed the effect of wheat bran on glycemic control and CHD risk factors in type 2 diabetes...

..Furthermore, the effective dose is still unknown...

..Postprandial hyperglycemia has been associated with increased oxidative stress and the development of diabetes, heart disease and all-cause mortality...

..One potential contributing mechanism may be the ability of nuts to improve post-meal glycemic response. We, therefore, examined the effect of nuts alone and in combination with white bread on postprandial glycemia...

..This may be achieved by addition of high-quality protein and fat contained in pistachio nuts, to carbohydrate-containing foods or meals...

..To determine the effect of high-protein diets, which have recently been promoted for their health benefits, on urinary calcium losses and bone turnover in older subjects...

..Therefore, we assessed the effect of mixed nut consumption as a source of vegetable fat on serum lipids and HbA(1c) in type 2 diabetes...

..Antioxidant activity provides an additional possible mechanism, in addition to lowering cholesterol, that may account for the reduction in CHD risk with nut consumption...

..It is possible that high-glycemic-load diets, through their hyperinsulinemic effects, can increase the risk of colorectal cancer...

..Later age at menopause is associated with a greater risk of breast cancer. Dietary factors may at least partially influence breast cancer risk through an effect on the age at menopause...

..We sought to investigate whether a low-fat vegan diet improves glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes...

..0), and 90-g (45.2 +/- 5.8) doses of almonds (r = -0.524, n = 36, P = .001). We conclude that, in addition to lowering serum cholesterol levels, almonds may also reduce the glycemic impact of carbohydrate foods with which they are eaten...

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..In the Women's Health Study, we examined strawberry intake for both its prospective association with CVD risk in 38,176 women and its cross-sectional association with lipids and C-reactive protein (CRP) in a subset of 26,966 women...

..Therefore, further studies are required to explore these important aspects of metabolism related to the rate of carbohydrate absorption and fermentation and their implications in health and disease...

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..Although vegan diets improve diabetes management, little is known about the nutrient profiles or diet quality of individuals with type 2 diabetes who adopt a vegan diet...

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..Short-term and long-term human studies are particularly required on SCFAs in relation to markers of cancer risk. These studies will be key to the success of dietary recommendations to maximize colonic disease prevention...

..However, LGI foods often increase colonic fermentation because of the presence of fiber and resistant starch...

..The joint effect of family history of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and selected adult life risk factors on the risk of the disease is not clear...

..The diet should provide 25-50 g/day of dietary fiber (15-25 g/1000 kcal). Glycemic index information should be incorporated into exchanges and teaching material...

..Combining a number of foods and food components in a single dietary portfolio may lower LDL-C similarly to statins and so increase the potential effectiveness of dietary therapy...

..CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the hypothesis that high dietary GI and GL are associated with cancers of the upper aero-digestive tract...

..Weight management may be the most important therapeutic task for most obese Type 2 diabetic individuals...

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..It is anticipated that their combined use in vegetarian diets will produce very significant metabolic advantages for the prevention and treatment of diabetes and its complications...

..Memory impairment is observed in adults with type 2 diabetes. The focus of this study was to determine whether acute carbohydrate consumption contributes to or exacerbates memory dysfunction...

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..CONCLUSIONS: At levels of soy intake which reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol any potential benefits of soy consumption on prostate cancer are likely to occur for reasons other than alterations in hormone activity...

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..The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved health claims for 2 dietary fibers, beta-glucan (0.75 g/serving) and psyllium (1.78 g/serving), on the assumption that 4 servings/d would reduce cardiovascular disease risk...

..A crucial and relevant aspect is the amount of these dietary components available for absorption in the intestine, which is a concept referred to as bioaccessibility...

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..A growing interest exists in using glycemic index and glycemic load as potentially important exposures in investigations of risk for a variety of chronic diseases...

..We conclude that plant sterols had a minimal impact on serum sterol concentrations or red cell fragility in hyperlipidemic subjects on diets that greatly reduced their serum lipids...

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..No heterogeneity was found among strata of selected covariates. We found direct relations between dietary GI and GL and prostate cancer risk. Correcting for potential confounding factors did not substantially modify these associations...

..Components of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system have been associated with several cancers, but very few studies are available for ovarian cancer...

..The associations were stronger in older women, in those with higher body mass index and in hormone replacement therapy users. Our study supports the hypothesis of a direct association between GI and endometrial cancer risk...

..Increasing IGFBP-1 levels seem to be associated with endometrial cancer risk in older women and in women with a higher body mass index...

..Clearly, larger and better-designed studies of probiotics are necessary, including comparative and dose-ranging trials...

..CONCLUSIONS: That several flavonoids may significantly block production of this androgen-regulated protein. It will be worthwhile to examine these compounds as possible candidates for prostate cancer prevention or management...