Research Topics
| Clay B HolroydSummaryAffiliation: University of Victoria Country: Canada Publications
Research Grants
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Detail Information
Publications
Motivation of extended behaviors by anterior cingulate cortexClay B Holroyd
Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, P O Box 3050 Victoria, BC V8W 3P5, Canada
Trends Cogn Sci 16:122-8. 2012..This theory accounts for ACC activity in relation to learning and control while simultaneously explaining the effects of ACC damage as disrupting the motivational context supporting the production of goal-directed action sequences...- Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex integrates reinforcement history to guide voluntary behaviorClay B Holroyd
Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, P O Box 3050 STN CSC, Victoria, Canada BC V8W 3P5
Cortex 44:548-59. 2008..This finding is consistent with the position that dACC integrates the recent history of reinforcements to guide voluntary choice behavior, as opposed to evaluating behaviors per se... 
A mechanism for error detection in speeded response time tasksClay B Holroyd
Department of Psychology, Princeton University, NJ, USA
J Exp Psychol Gen 134:163-91. 2005..B. Holroyd & M. G. H. Coles, 2002). The model is used to simulate behavioral and event-related brain potential data in a speeded response time task, and the results of the simulation are compared with empirical data...- Electrophysiological evidence of atypical motivation and reward processing in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorderClay B Holroyd
Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, PO Box 3050 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 3P5 Canada
Neuropsychologia 46:2234-42. 2008..This result indicates that children with ADHD are unusually sensitive to the salience of reward and suggests that such sensitivity may be mediated in part by the midbrain dopamine system... - The good, the bad and the neutral: electrophysiological responses to feedback stimuliClay B Holroyd
Department of Psychology University of Victoria, PO Box 3050 STN CSC Victoria, Canada BC V8W 3P5
Brain Res 1105:93-101. 2006..This result is consistent with recent proposals that the evaluative system that produces the fERN classifies outcomes into two categories: those outcomes that indicate that a goal has been satisfied and those that do not... - When is an error not a prediction error? An electrophysiological investigationClay B Holroyd
University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 9:59-70. 2009..This observation suggests that ACC utilizes dopamine reward prediction error signals for adaptive decision making when the optimal behavior is, in fact, learnable... - Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex shows fMRI response to internal and external error signalsClay B Holroyd
Department of Psychology, Green Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
Nat Neurosci 7:497-8. 2004.... - Individual differences in substance dependence: at the intersection of brain, behaviour and cognitionTravis E Baker
Department of Psychology, Center of Addiction Research of British Columbia, Child and Youth Care, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
Addict Biol 16:458-66. 2011..These results highlight important neurobiological and behavioral differences between two classes of dependent users that can inform the development of individually tailored treatment programs... - Learning to become an expert: reinforcement learning and the acquisition of perceptual expertiseOlav E Krigolson
University of Victoria, Canada
J Cogn Neurosci 21:1834-41. 2009..Our results suggest that the acquisition of perceptual expertise relies on interactions between the posterior perceptual system and the reinforcement learning system involving medial-frontal cortex... - ERP correlates of feedback and reward processing in the presence and absence of response choiceNick Yeung
Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
Cereb Cortex 15:535-44. 2005.... - Which way do I go? Neural activation in response to feedback and spatial processing in a virtual T-mazeTravis E Baker
Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3P5, Canada
Cereb Cortex 19:1708-22. 2009..Taken together, these results confirm a fundamental prediction of a dopamine theory of the fERN and suggest that the dopamine and MTL systems may interact in navigational learning tasks... - Theta phase resetting and the error-related negativityNick Yeung
Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
Psychophysiology 44:39-49. 2007..These findings suggest that the proposed analysis methods cannot provide unambiguous evidence that the ERN is generated by phase resetting of ongoing oscillations... - Sensitivity of electrophysiological activity from medial frontal cortex to utilitarian and performance feedbackSander Nieuwenhuis
Department of Psychology, Princeton University, NJ, USA
Cereb Cortex 14:741-7. 2004..The results are consistent with the view that the two components are manifestations of the same underlying cognitive and neural process... - Dissociated roles of the anterior cingulate cortex in reward and conflict processing as revealed by the feedback error-related negativity and N200Travis E Baker
Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, BC, Canada
Biol Psychol 87:25-34. 2011..These results point toward avenues for future investigation... - It's worse than you thought: the feedback negativity and violations of reward prediction in gambling tasksGreg Hajcak
Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794 9500, USA
Psychophysiology 44:905-12. 2007..These data suggest that the magnitude of the feedback negativity is sensitive to violations of reward prediction, but that this effect may depend on the close coupling of prediction and outcome... - The feedback-related negativity reflects the binary evaluation of good versus bad outcomesGreg Hajcak
Department of Psychology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
Biol Psychol 71:148-54. 2006..These data are discussed in terms of contemporary theories of the FRN, as well as appraisal processes implicated in emotional processing... - Reward prediction error signals associated with a modified time estimation taskClay B Holroyd
Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
Psychophysiology 44:913-7. 2007..As predicted by the theory, our results indicate that fERN amplitude reflects a reward prediction error signal and that the size of this error signal is correlated across participants with changes in task performance... - Errors without conflict: implications for performance monitoring theories of anterior cingulate cortexVincent van Veen
Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Brain Cogn 56:267-76. 2004..These results question involvement of the ACC in the detection of errors per se when controlling for conflict... - The feedback correct-related positivity: sensitivity of the event-related brain potential to unexpected positive feedbackClay B Holroyd
Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
Psychophysiology 45:688-97. 2008.... - What can topology changes in the oddball N2 reveal about underlying processes?Christopher M Warren
Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
Neuroreport 22:870-4. 2011..Thus, the oddball N2 has a variable scalp distribution that depends on the relative engagement of cortical areas, consistent with noradrenergic modulation having the greatest impact in those areas mostly engaged by the task at hand... - Predictive information and error processing: the role of medial-frontal cortex during motor controlOlav E Krigolson
Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
Psychophysiology 44:586-95. 2007..Furthermore, in both experiments the predicted error waveforms had an earlier peak latency than the unpredicted error waveforms. These results demonstrate that the medial-frontal error system can evaluate predictive error information... - Electroencephalographic correlates of target and outcome errorsOlav E Krigolson
Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Exp Brain Res 190:401-11. 2008..Importantly, this result suggests that a reinforcement learning system within medial-frontal cortex may play a role in improving subsequent motor output... - Reward positivity elicited by predictive cuesClay B Holroyd
Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
Neuroreport 22:249-52. 2011..These results indicate that the reward positivity reflects the initial assessment of whether a trial will end in success or failure and the reappraisal of that information once the outcome actually occurs... - Hierarchical error processing: different errors, different systemsOlav E Krigolson
Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
Brain Res 1155:70-80. 2007.... - Errors in reward prediction are reflected in the event-related brain potentialClay B Holroyd
Department of Psychology, Princeton University, NJ 08544, USA
Neuroreport 14:2481-4. 2003..Consistent with the theory, we found that larger ERNs were elicited by unexpected absences of reward... - Context dependence of the event-related brain potential associated with reward and punishmentClay B Holroyd
Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
Psychophysiology 41:245-53. 2004..This result is discussed in terms of a recent theory that holds that the ERN reflects a reward prediction error signal associated with a neural system for reinforcement learning... - Brain potentials associated with expected and unexpected good and bad outcomesGreg Hajcak
Department of Psychology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
Psychophysiology 42:161-70. 2005..These results are discussed in terms of the potential role of expectations in processing errors and negative feedback... - Detection of synchronized oscillations in the electroencephalogram: an evaluation of methodsNick Yeung
Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
Psychophysiology 41:822-32. 2004..These findings suggest that proposed analysis methods may not effectively disambiguate competing views of ERP generation... - Alcohol and error processingClay B Holroyd
Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
Trends Neurosci 26:402-4. 2003.... 
The Impact of Deliberative Strategy Dissociates ERP Components Related to Conflict Processing vs. Reinforcement LearningChristopher M Warren
Department of Psychology, University of Victoria Victoria, BC, Canada
Front Neurosci 6:43. 2012....- Knowing good from bad: differential activation of human cortical areas by positive and negative outcomesSander Nieuwenhuis
Department of Cognitive Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Eur J Neurosci 21:3161-8. 2005..These results support a new hypothesis regarding the neural generators of the FRN, and have important implications for the use of this component as an electrophysiological index of performance monitoring and reward processing... - Spared error-related potentials in mild to moderate Parkinson's diseaseClay B Holroyd
Cognitive Psychophysiology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, USA
Neuropsychologia 40:2116-24. 2002..These results are discussed in terms of disease progression... - A computational account of altered error processing in older age: dopamine and the error-related negativitySander Nieuwenhuis
University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 2:19-36. 2002..These age changes could be simulated by manipulation of a single parameter of the neurocomputational model, this manipulation corresponding to weakened phasic activity of the mesencephalic dopamine system... - Decision-making in Blackjack: an electrophysiological analysisJohannes Hewig
Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
Cereb Cortex 17:865-77. 2007.... - Learning-related changes in brain activity following errors and performance feedback in schizophreniaSarah E Morris
VA Capitol Network VISN 5 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, 10 No Greene St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
Schizophr Res 99:274-85. 2008..These findings suggest that reward-related brain activity is weakened in schizophrenia, perhaps reflecting diminished sensitivity to whether ongoing events are better or worse than expected... - Reinforcement-related brain potentials from medial frontal cortex: origins and functional significanceSander Nieuwenhuis
Department of Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Neurosci Biobehav Rev 28:441-8. 2004..Our review is organized around a set of predictions derived from a recent theory, which holds that the ERN is associated with the arrival of a negative reward prediction error signal in anterior cingulate cortex... - Anterior cingulate cortex signals the requirement to break inertia when switching tasks: a study of the bivalency effectTodd S Woodward
Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
Neuroimage 40:1311-8. 2008..e., conflict is not elicited by the current stimulus), and/or may support a more generalized account of dACC function involving monitoring internal states for conditions that may require adjustments in control over the course of action... - Neural dynamics of error processing in medial frontal cortexRogier B Mars
F C Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Neuroimage 28:1007-13. 2005..Specifically, these data illustrate how the anterior cingulate receives evaluative information, indicating that an action has not produced the desired result... - Medial prefrontal cortex and error potentialsClay B Holroyd
Science 296:1610-1 author reply 1610-1. 2002 - Activity in human reward-sensitive brain areas is strongly context dependentSander Nieuwenhuis
Department of Cognitive Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Neuroimage 25:1302-9. 2005..These results provide important evidence regarding the way in which the brain scales the motivational value of events by the context in which these events occur... - The neural basis of human error processing: reinforcement learning, dopamine, and the error-related negativityClay B Holroyd
Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, USA
Psychol Rev 109:679-709. 2002..They provide support for this proposal using both computational modeling and psychophysiological experimentation...
Research Grants
- Adaptive Regulation of Cognitive ControlClay Holroyd; Fiscal Year: 2003..abstract_text> ..