T E Graham

..Epidemiological studies associate consumption of whole grain foods, including breads, with reduced cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk; however, few studies have compared wheat whole grains with wheat refined grains...

..Other tissues must have been involved in the changes in circulating potassium, fatty acids, glucose and lactate...

..This, together with a trend towards a greater rather than a more modest response in blood glucose, suggests that caffeine ingestion may have resulted in insulin resistance...

..0 and 10.8 +/- 5.6. The MG pool appeared to be more resistant to mobilization, and, when activated, its catabolism was inhibited more rapidly than that of PG. This suggests that the metabolic regulation of the two pools must be different...

..Caffeine may work, in part, by creating a more favourable intracellular ionic environment in active muscle. This could facilitate force production by each motor unit...

..Individuals may, however, respond differently to the effects of caffeine, and there is growing evidence that this could be explained by common genetic variations...

..These various processes appear to be the mechanisms that give the glycogen granule precise yet dynamic regulation. This may also allow the stores to serve as an important metabolic regulator of other metabolic events...

..These various processes appear to be the mechanisms that give the glycogen granule precise, yet dynamic regulation...

..05) in the Caf capsule trial; there were no differences among the other four tests. One cannot extrapolate the effects of Caf to Cof; there must be a component(s) of Cof that moderates the actions of Caf...

..08). Furthermore, CAF decreased IMGD to a similar magnitude as ADR despite a 50% lower [ADR]. In summary, while ADR contributes to the CAF-induced impairment in IMGD, it is not solely responsible for caffeine's effects...

....

..Although glutamate may have a role in the expansion of the TCA cycle, glutamate and TCA cycle intermediates do not directly affect VO2peak in either trained or untrained muscle...

..These data suggest that in female athletes 1) leptin may be a metabolic signal that provides a link between adipose tissue, energy availability, and the reproductive axis and 2) sex hormones do not directly regulate leptin secretion...

..05) and 40% in the carbohydrate and water trials, respectively. Therefore, the declining IL-6 mRNA and IL-6 plasma concentrations during recovery were not related to carbohydrate availability or changes in glycogen...

..4. In summary, complete and partial muscle AMPD deficiency did not affect TCA cycle anaplerosis, phosphocreatine hydrolysis, energy charge or exercise performance...

....

..Our aim was to investigate the effect of 6 wk of whole grain wheat sourdough bread consumption versus refined white bread on PAI-1...

..8 mM at the end of the OGTT (time = 180 min), classifying them as glucose intolerant. In summary, acute Caf ingestion does not increase epinephrine concentration or impair glucose tolerance in TP...

..In conclusion, Caf ingestion does not impede the resynthesis of PG or MG after an extensive depletion of muscle glycogen and with the provision of exogenous dietary carbohydrate...

..Many of these gender-specific responses cannot be explained fully by differences in body morphology and support the concept that men and women respond differently to the cold...

..The leg extensor model and the canine gastrocnemius offer the greatest opportunities to quantify these responses during prolonged exercise...

..The study demonstrated that gender differences exist in the blood pressure responses to local cold, but that the mechanisms involved do not include a parallel difference in heart rate or venous plasma norepinephrine concentration...

..These results demonstrate a compartmentalized pattern of subcellular G deposition in human skeletal muscle for both the size and density of granules...

..This increase in muscle glutamate concentration could account for approximately 40% of the MSG ingested; we propose that resting skeletal muscle is a major sink for the glutamate and metabolizes it to aspartate...

..84). It can be concluded that glycogenin does display activity in human skeletal muscle and is proportional to glycogen concentration. Thus it must be considered as a potential regulator of glycogen synthesis in human skeletal muscle...

..We conclude that reduction in adipose tissue after weight loss results in a collateral decrease in circulating leptin, and exercise, independent of its effects on weight loss, has no profound influence on leptin secretion...

..There was a trend for higher plasma caffeine and lower plasma paraxanthine concentrations in the women. These results confirm that gender, exercise, and thermal stress have no effect on caffeine pharmacokinetics in men and women...

..It appears unlikely that increased fat oxidation and glycogen sparing is the prime ergogenic mechanism...

..Therefore serum RBP4 may be useful for early diagnosis of insulin resistance and for monitoring improvements in insulin sensitivity. We sought to determine the performance of assays for this application...

..Glycogen granules varied in size and number depending on location, and in all compartments resynthesis of glycogen was characterized initially by an increase in granule number and later by an increase in size...

..Given these findings, decaffeinated coffee may represent a nutritional means of combating insulin resistance...