T Day

..This change in perspective leads to predictions that are qualitatively different from those of previous theory...

..The validity of this hypothesis depends upon the way in which these two effects interact, and it need not hold in general...

..I conclude by suggesting that an alternative explanation might lie in differences in inoculum size between these two types of transmission...

..Moreover, under strong coupling it is also possible for natural selection to favor an evolutionary diversification of life histories, possibly resulting in two coexisting species with divergent life-history strategies...

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..The results are discussed in the context of theories of the evolutionary diversification of resource exploitation strategies and speciation...

..This suggests that some patterns of reproductive character displacement in nature might be explained simply by sexual selection rather than by hybrid dysgenesis and reinforcement...

..We illustrate how these theoretical results can be applied by modeling the evolution of lifetime resource allocation to growth and reproduction in an annual plant when there is competition for resources among related individuals...

..Moreover, mortality-source interactions make empirical comparisons of the virulence of different parasites a much more subtle issue...

..More generally, our findings highlight the difficulty of inferring complex underlying processes from simple emergent patterns...

..It also leads to novel predictions that are not possible using the game-theoretic approach. The general theory can be used to model the evolution of other pathogen traits as well...

..They further suggest that accounting for realistic kinds of heterogeneity when contemplating targeted treatment plans and policies might provide a new tool in the design of more effective virulence management strategies...

..Together, these results suggest that identifying the nature of genetic variation in and the strength of natural selection on female resistance should be a central goal of future studies of sexual conflict...

..A mix of selection and manipulative studies on these is likely the most promising route...

..These results suggest a reinterpretation of several recent experiments and have important implications for developing theories of speciation when sexually antagonistic coevolution is involved...

..The combined effects can therefore result in the novel prediction that an increase in interactive extrinsic mortality sources can select for slower senescent deterioration early in life but more rapid deterioration late in life...

..We argue that it is necessary to move beyond the simplistic classical expectation and to take a more comprehensive and precise approach to studies of senescence, both theoretically and empirically...

..The theoretical framework we outline should provide an improved basis for future empirical tests of the role of population mixing in adaptive divergence...

..We point out a close correspondence between other predictions made by the CD hypothesis and empirical observations, as well...

..We find, quite generally, that plasticity promotes the evolution of higher levels of cooperation, in this case leading to reduced levels of both virulence and clearance...

..In general, diseases that initially have a large reproductive number and/or that cause relatively long infections are the most prone to evolutionary adaptation...

..This contrasts with previous results and arises from our inclusion of two important factors absent from previous theory: costs of immunological up-regulation and a more suitable measure of parasite-induced mortality...

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..This provides a novel rationale for female preference for older mates; older males reveal more information in their sexual displays...

..For other types of population regulation our results reveal that cooperation can invade if players choose partners along relatively 'high-weight' edges...

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..Immunopathology complicates our understanding of disease evolution, but can nevertheless be readily accounted for within the framework of the trade-off hypothesis...

..We suggest that acknowledgement of these distinctions will lead to increased understanding of processes operating in both sexual conflict and sexual selection...

..Our analyses highlight the importance of model selection and validation for revealing new biological insights...

..e., correlated) fashion. As a corollary, the overall payoff of social interactions (i.e., the amount of cooperation) is maximized because couples of correlated partners effectively become the units of selection...

..Nevertheless, these models have proven very useful through their highlighting of the importance of within-host disease dynamics on pathogen evolution...

..Mathematical analysis suggests why this might be happening, and provides a novel and robust explanation for cooperation, that negotiation can facilitate the evolution of cooperative behaviour...

..Further experimental work is needed to determine which of these two hypotheses provides the most likely explanation...

..A recent paper by Sozou and Seymour questions this prediction using a mathematical model, but it remains to be seen whether their new results stand up to more general analysis...

..These qualitative theoretical results highlight important future directions for empirical research in order to quantify the potential for coral reefs to evolve resistance to thermal stress...

..Although focusing primarily on evolutionary invasion analysis, we provide several insights that apply to biological modelling in general...

..This theory also provides a potential mechanism for the resolution of intralocus sexual conflict in sexually selected traits and a novel pathway for the evolution of sexual dimorphism...

..The results are illustrated for a model of the evolution of cooperation in a finite island population...

..Our purpose here is therefore to stimulate future research into quantifying these effects...

..In particular, we argue that more work should be done evaluating the nature and magnitude of parasite fitness costs associated with adaptation to vaccinated hosts...

..The best evidence for IBT and ABT currently comes from salmonid fishes and flowering plants, but we expect that future work will show these processes are more widespread...

..It also predicts the evolution of distinct patterns in ejaculate composition depending on the function of seminal fluid. In the discussion, we highlight a number of potential approaches for testing the theory that we develop...

..A community-wide eradication of SARS is feasible if optimal isolation is combined with a highly effective screening programme at the points of entry...