Research Topics
Genomes and GenesSpecies | Krista L LanctotSummaryAffiliation: Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Centre Country: Canada Publications
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Publications
GABAergic function in Alzheimer's disease: evidence for dysfunction and potential as a therapeutic target for the treatment of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementiaKrista L Lanctot
Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook and Women s College Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario
Can J Psychiatry 49:439-53. 2004..We review the clinical use of GABAergic agents in treating persons with AD symptoms. While newer generation GABAergic medications are now available, they have yet to be evaluated among patients with AD...- Medial temporal hypoperfusion and aggression in Alzheimer diseaseKrista L Lanctot
Neuropharmacology Research, Department of Psychiatry, Cognitive Neurology Unit, Sunnybrook and Women s College Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Arch Neurol 61:1731-7. 2004..It is not understood why some patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) display aggression and others do not... - The cost-benefit of cholinesterase inhibitors in mild to moderate dementia: a willingness-to-pay approachGrace Wu
Department of Psychiatry, HOPE Research Centre and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Room FG 05, Sunnybrook and Women s College Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
CNS Drugs 17:1045-57. 2003..This study aimed to measure the economic value of cholinesterase inhibitors when used to treat Alzheimer's disease using the willingness-to-pay (WTP) approach and the framework of cost-benefit analysis... 
Efficacy and safety of cholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysisKrista L Lanctot
Neuropharmacology Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook and Women s College Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON
CMAJ 169:557-64. 2003..Our objective was to quantitatively summarize data on the efficacy and safety of ChEIs in Alzheimer's disease in a format useful to clinicians...- Genetic predictors of response to treatment with citalopram in depression secondary to traumatic brain injuryKrista L Lanctot
Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Brain Inj 24:959-69. 2010..To determine which serotonergic system-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) predicted variation in treatment response to citalopram in depression following a traumatic brain injury (TBI)... 
The effect of cholinesterase inhibitors on decline in multiple functional domains in Alzheimer's disease: a two-year observational study in the Sunnybrook dementia cohortPearl Behl
Linda C Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, University of Toronto, Canada
Int Psychogeriatr 20:1141-59. 2008..This study seeks to assess change in activities of daily living (ADLs) over two years in AD patients treated with CHEIs matched to untreated patients in the same longitudinal cohort study...- A functional neuroimaging study of appetite loss in Alzheimer's diseaseZahinoor Ismail
Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
J Neurol Sci 271:97-103. 2008..Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is frequently associated with changes in appetite. This study investigated the relationship between regional cerebral perfusion and appetite loss in AD... - The relationship between indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity and post-stroke cognitive impairmentAllison B Gold
Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
J Neuroinflammation 8:17. 2011.... - The cost-effectiveness of palivizumab for respiratory syncytial virus prophylaxis in premature infants with a gestational age of 32-35 weeks: a Canadian-based analysis Krista L Lanctot
Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Curr Med Res Opin 24:3223-37. 2008..The cost-effectiveness of this therapy in Canada is unknown... - A randomized controlled trial of antidepressant continuation for major depression following traumatic brain injuryMark J Rapoport
Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
J Clin Psychiatry 71:1125-30. 2010..This study examines whether continuation therapy with citalopram can prevent a relapse following remission of major depression due to traumatic brain injury... - Serotonergic function and treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of frontotemporal dementiaNathan Herrmann
Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 20:789-97. 2012.... - Are vascular risk factors associated with post-stroke depressive symptoms?Gayla Tennen
Department of Clinical Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 24:215-21. 2011..The objective of the current study was to determine whether VRFs are associated with the risk of PSD in an acute stroke population... - Verbal memory performance and completion of cardiac rehabilitation in patients with coronary artery diseaseWalter Swardfager
Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Psychosom Med 73:580-7. 2011..To assess cognitive performance as a predictor of noncompletion of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) using a standardized verbal memory test... - Validity and responsiveness to change of clinically derived MDS scales in Alzheimer disease outcomes researchKelly A Smart
Neuropsychopharmacology Research Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 24:67-72. 2011..As these findings are preliminary, further research is needed to determine the utility of MDS scales in outcomes research... - Noradrenergic activity is associated with response to pindolol in aggressive Alzheimer's disease patientsNathan Herrmann
Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook and Women s College Health Sciences Centre and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
J Psychopharmacol 18:215-20. 2004..Individual patient characteristics, including underlying neurotransmitter changes, may be useful for predicting response to therapy... - Cardiopulmonary fitness is associated with cognitive performance in patients with coronary artery diseaseWalter Swardfager
Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
J Am Geriatr Soc 58:1519-25. 2010..To investigate the association between cardiopulmonary fitness and cognitive performance in subjects with coronary artery disease (CAD)... - The relationship between inflammatory markers and post stroke cognitive impairmentLana S Rothenburg
Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 23:199-205. 2010..Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure serum concentrations of CRP, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma)... - Apathy associated with Alzheimer disease: use of dextroamphetamine challengeKrista L Lanctot
Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 16:551-7. 2008..To assess the role of the dopaminergic brain reward system (BRS) in apathy associated with Alzheimer disease (AD)... - Methylphenidate for the treatment of apathy in Alzheimer disease: prediction of response using dextroamphetamine challengeNathan Herrmann
Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
J Clin Psychopharmacol 28:296-301. 2008..Psychostimulants may be effective in treating features of apathy in AD, and dopaminergic changes may predict response... - Serotonin-1A receptors in frontotemporal dementia compared with controlsKrista L Lanctot
Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Psychiatry Res 156:247-50. 2007..These pilot data suggest that profound 5-HT(1A) BP losses may be present and contribute to symptomatology and treatment response in FTLD... - A placebo-controlled trial of valproate for agitation and aggression in Alzheimer's diseaseNathan Herrmann
Neuropharmacology Research Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 23:116-9. 2007..To assess the efficacy and tolerability of valproate for the treatment of agitation and aggression in moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease (AD)... - Does pharmacological treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease relieve caregiver burden?Karen Levy
Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
Drugs Aging 29:167-79. 2012..Given the importance of caregiver burden and its negative consequences for the caregiver and the patient, future clinical trials should pay more attention to this crucial outcome... - The relation between disease severity and cost of caring for patients with Alzheimer disease in CanadaNathan Herrmann
Medical Outcomes and Research in Economics MORE Group, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Can J Psychiatry 55:768-75. 2010..to characterize the cost of caring for an outpatient in Canada with Alzheimer disease (AD) based on disease severity, and to describe how costs change with increases in disease severity... - Factor analysis of the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire in mild-to-moderate traumatic brain injury patientsNathan Herrmann
Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Ave, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 21:181-8. 2009..These results suggest that depression post-TBI may influence patient perception of postconcussion symptoms... - Changes in nursing burden following memantine for agitation and aggression in long-term care residents with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease: an open-label pilot studyNathan Herrmann
Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
CNS Drugs 25:425-33. 2011..Agitation and aggression are common neuropsychiatric symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with a negative impact on caregivers... - Do atypical antipsychotics cause stroke?Nathan Herrmann
Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
CNS Drugs 19:91-103. 2005..At the present time, this association is another factor that clinicians should consider when weighing the risks and benefits of treating behavioural and psychological disturbances in elderly dementia patients... - Central serotonergic activity is related to the aggressive behaviors of Alzheimer's diseaseKrista L Lanctot
Psychopharmacology Research Program and Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook and Women s College Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Neuropsychopharmacology 27:646-54. 2002..These results suggest a complex link between aggression in AD and central serotonergic dysfunction having interactions with gender and cognitive impairment... - Higher cortisol predicts less improvement in verbal memory performance after cardiac rehabilitation in patients with coronary artery diseaseMahwesh Saleem
Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada M4N 3M5 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King s College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8
Cardiovasc Psychiatry Neurol 2013:340342. 2013..12), maximal oxygen uptake (F(1,50) = 1.88, P = 0.18), and body mass index (F(1,50) = 3.25, P = 0.08). Conclusion. Prolonged hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis activation may interfere with exercise-related improvements in memory in CAD... - Strategic subcortical hyperintensities in cholinergic pathways and executive function decline in treated Alzheimer patientsPearl Behl
Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, 160 Russell Jarvis Drive, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Arch Neurol 64:266-72. 2007.... - Behavioral correlates of GABAergic disruption in Alzheimer's diseaseKrista L Lanctot
Neuropharmacology Research Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Int Psychogeriatr 19:151-8. 2007..Our objective was to assess the relationship between plasma GABA (pGABA) levels and specific BPSD in patients with severe AD... - Growth hormone response to clonidine predicts aggression in Alzheimer's diseaseNathan Herrmann
Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook and Women s College Health Sciences Centre, Room FG05, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4N 3M5
Psychoneuroendocrinology 29:1192-7. 2004..The neurobiology of aggression in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) remains unknown. The objective of this study was to determine if altered central noradrenergic (NE) responsiveness is related to aggression in AD... - Discontinuing cholinesterase inhibitors: results of a survey of Canadian dementia expertsNathan Herrmann
Department of Psychiatry and Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, and Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Int Psychogeriatr 23:539-45. 2011..Because there is little data to help clinicians to decide on when it is safe and appropriate to discontinue ChEIs after long-term use, practices may vary widely... - Pharmacologic management of neuropsychiatric symptoms of Alzheimer diseaseNathan Herrmann
Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Ontario
Can J Psychiatry 52:630-46. 2007..To systematically review published clinical trials of the pharmacotherapy of neuropsychiatric symptoms of Alzheimer disease (AD)... - Efficacy and tolerability of antidepressants for treatment of depression in coronary artery disease: a meta-analysisYekta Dowlati
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
Can J Psychiatry 55:91-9. 2010..Our objective was to quantitatively summarize the data on the efficacy and tolerability of antidepressant (AD) treatment for depression in CAD... - Does inclusion of a placebo arm influence response to active antidepressant treatment in randomized controlled trials? Results from pooled and meta-analysesMark Sinyor
Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
J Clin Psychiatry 71:270-9. 2010..To determine if the inclusion of a placebo arm and/or the number of active comparators in antidepressant trials influences the response rates of the active medication and/or placebo... - Comparison of the cost of hospitalization for respiratory syncytial virus disease versus palivizumab prophylaxis in Canadian Inuit infantsAnna Banerji
Department of Pediatrics and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, St Michael s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
Pediatr Infect Dis J 28:702-6. 2009.... - The role of dopamine in symptoms and treatment of apathy in Alzheimer's diseaseRobert A Mitchell
Neuropsychopharmacology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
CNS Neurosci Ther 17:411-27. 2011..The DAergic system is closely related to the brain reward system (BRS) and some studies have suggested that dysfunction in the DAergic system may account for symptoms of apathy in the AD population... - Exercise intervention and inflammatory markers in coronary artery disease: a meta-analysisWalter Swardfager
Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Am Heart J 163:666-76.e1-3. 2012..We performed a meta-analysis of changes in inflammatory biomarkers over the course of exercise interventions in patients with CAD... - The cost effectiveness of palivizumab in term Inuit infants in the Eastern Canadian ArcticDerrick Y Tam
Medical Outcomes and Research in Economics Group, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
J Med Econ 12:361-70. 2009..Canadian, Inuit, full term infants have the highest rate of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection globally, which results in substantial costs associated hospitalisation... - A positron emission tomography study of 5-hydroxytryptamine-1A receptors in Alzheimer diseaseKrista L Lanctot
Neuropharmacology Research Program and Geriatric Psychiatry, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 15:888-98. 2007..Postmortem studies suggest decreased 5-HT(1A) receptors in patients with Alzheimer disease (AD), but this has not been confirmed in vivo. Our primary objective was to assess the extent of 5-HT(1A) receptor losses in mild to moderate AD... - A SPECT study of apathy in Alzheimer's diseaseKrista L Lanctot
Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont, Canada
Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 24:65-72. 2007..To assess the association between regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and apathy in Alzheimer's Disease (AD)... - The role of norepinephrine in the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementiaNathan Herrmann
Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Sunnybrook and Women s College Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 16:261-76. 2004..With greater appreciation of the underlying neurobiology of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) more effective, rational, targeted pharmacotherapy will hopefully emerge... - Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activation and depressive symptoms in patients with coronary artery diseaseWalter Swardfager
Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Psychoneuroendocrinology 34:1560-6. 2009..non-depressed patients (45.6+/-20.0 micromol/mmol vs. 38.5+/-15.7 micromol/mmol, F=3.778, p=.055) when controlling for age, sex and tACS. Activation of IDO is associated with the severity of depressive symptoms among patients with CAD... - Revisiting the cholinergic hypothesis of behavioral and psychological symptoms in dementia of the Alzheimer's typeTanya Pinto
Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
Ageing Res Rev 10:404-12. 2011..Biochemical and neuroimaging studies of BPSD in Alzheimer's patients support these pharmacological data. This review discusses the literature describing the association between cholinergic deficiency and manifestations of BPSD... - Sponsorship, antidepressant dose, and outcome in major depressive disorder: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsMark Sinyor
Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
J Clin Psychiatry 73:e277-87. 2012..This study aims to determine the relationship between sponsorship and antidepressant dosing and efficacy in randomized controlled trials for major depressive disorder... - A meta-analysis of cytokines in major depressionYekta Dowlati
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Biol Psychiatry 67:446-57. 2010..Our objective was to quantitatively summarize the data on concentrations of specific cytokines in patients diagnosed with a major depressive episode and controls... - The cost effectiveness of palivizumab: a systematic review of the evidenceKelly A Smart
Medical Outcomes and Research in Economics MORE, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
J Med Econ 13:453-63. 2010..The objective was to systematically examine the cost effectiveness of palivizumab in defined infant groups and identify important cost and outcome determinants... - Current and emerging drug treatment options for Alzheimer's disease: a systematic reviewNathan Herrmann
Neuropsychopharmacology Research Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
Drugs 71:2031-65. 2011..This systematic review critically examines the efficacy and safety data for currently approved drugs and emerging treatments in AD, as well as discussing the present and future directions of innovation in this field... - Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on cognitive performance: a meta-analysisGraham Mazereeuw
Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Neurobiol Aging 33:1482.e17-29. 2012..This meta-analysis examined the neuropsychological benefit of n-3 FAs in randomized double-blind placebo-controlled studies (RCTs) including healthy, CIND, or AD subjects... - Adverse drug events in cognitively impaired elderly patientsHooman Ganjavi
Neuropharmacology Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 23:395-400. 2007..Adverse drug events (ADEs) are a frequent problem encountered in the elderly. The aim of this study was to elucidate the factors that influence ADEs in an elderly population with cognitive impairment... - Correlates of response to acetylcholinesterase inhibitor therapy in Alzheimer's diseaseKrista L Lanctot
Neuropsychopharmacology Research Program and HOPE Research Centre, Sunnybrook and Women s College Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont
J Psychiatry Neurosci 28:13-26. 2003..Studying correlates of response may help to elucidate the mechanism of action of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors... - Risk factors and viruses associated with hospitalization due to lower respiratory tract infections in Canadian Inuit children : a case-control studyAnna Banerji
Department of Pediatrics and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, St Michael s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Pediatr Infect Dis J 28:697-701. 2009..To examine risk factors for lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) hospital admission in the Canadian Arctic... - The serotonin transporter polymorphisms and major depression following traumatic brain injuryFlorance Chan
Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
Brain Inj 22:471-9. 2008..The purpose of this study was to examine the role of the serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms on the risk of major depression following traumatic brain injury (TBI)... - Benzodiazepine use and driving: a meta-analysisMark J Rapoport
Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
J Clin Psychiatry 70:663-73. 2009..The purpose of the present study was to examine the experimental and epidemiologic evidence linking benzodiazepine use to driving impairment... - The pharmacoeconomics of cognitive enhancers in moderate to severe Alzheimer's diseaseJaclyn Cappell
Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
CNS Drugs 24:909-27. 2010.... - Atypical antipsychotics for neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia: malignant or maligned?Nathan Herrmann
Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Drug Saf 29:833-43. 2006.... - Relationship between cardiopulmonary fitness and depressive symptoms in cardiac rehabilitation patients with coronary artery diseaseWalter Swardfager
Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
J Rehabil Med 40:213-8. 2008..To identify independent predictors of depressive symptoms in a cohort of patients with coronary artery disease entering cardiac rehabilitation... - Changing costs and the impact on RSV prophylaxisKelly A Smart
Medical Outcomes and Research in Economics Group, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
J Med Econ 13:705-8. 2010.... - Atypical antipsychotics and risk of cerebrovascular accidentsNathan Herrmann
Institute for Clinical and Evaluative Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Am J Psychiatry 161:1113-5. 2004..This study examined the association between atypical antipsychotic use and stroke in the elderly... - Gender, aggression and serotonergic function are associated with response to sertraline for behavioral disturbances in Alzheimer's diseaseKrista L Lanctot
Psychopharmacology Research Program and Geriatric Psychiatry, Sunnybrook and Women s College Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, 207s Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 17:531-41. 2002..Indications for serotonergic medications in the treatment of behavioral disorders associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) remain to be established... - Interleukin-17 in post-stroke neurodegenerationWalter Swardfager
Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
Neurosci Biobehav Rev 37:436-47. 2013.... - Therapy for Alzheimer's Disease: How Effective are Current Treatments?Krista L Lanctot
Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2:163-80. 2009..This has spurred the development of new disease-modifying therapies that aim to have a greater impact on this debilitating illness... - A review of cost-effectiveness of palivizumab for respiratory syncytial virusJulia M Hussman
Medical Outcomes and Research in Economics Research Group, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 12:553-67. 2012..Overall, cost-effectiveness results were inconsistent. Some studies reported favorable outcomes, while others did not, or were inconclusive. Factors to consider in the interpretation of such economic evaluations are discussed... - Pediatric cancer rates after universal folic acid flour fortification in OntarioSandy G Grupp
Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
J Clin Pharmacol 51:60-5. 2011..This corroborates a recent case-control study from Germany. These data may also provide some reassurance that universal flour fortification does not heighten the risk of pediatric cancer...