P Nosil

..Our results suggest elevated FA may limit resource acquisition and are consistent with the use of FA as a measure of fitness...

..Fitness advantages to rare genotypes may help maintain variation within populations, but the mechanisms underlying these advantages require further study...

..Our results illustrate how understanding of the evolution of sexual isolation can be enhanced by isolating the roles of diverse ecological and evolutionary processes...

..Our results indicate that both competition and predation may commonly serve as mechanisms of adaptive radiation...

..Our findings demonstrate how gene flow and different forms of selection interact to determine the magnitude of reproductive isolation observed in nature...

..Our results show that habitat structure and patterns of migration can strongly affect the evolution and variability of genetic covariance within populations...

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..Most generally, inferences regarding character evolution can be strengthened by comparing models of character change and examining ancestor states, rather than only comparing parameter values...

..We hope that the formal recognition of immigrant inviability and our demonstration of its evolutionary importance will stimulate more explicit empirical studies of its contributions to speciation...

..These findings highlight the potential role of natural selection against migrants between divergent environments in the formation of new species...

..Our findings illustrate how data on mating preferences can help determine the causal associations between trait divergence and levels of gene flow...

..Our findings demonstrate the joint effects of reinforcement, ecological adaptation and gene flow on progress towards speciation in the wild...

..Collectively, the results reveal a tendency for directional evolution toward increased specialization but also indicate that specialization does not always represent an evolutionary dead-end that strongly limits further evolution...

..Our findings represent a clear demonstration that host-plant adaptation can play a crucial and repeatable role in the early stages of speciation...

..Replicated shifts in selective regime can demonstrate the primacy of ecological processes in driving evolution and our results illustrate how such shifts are detectable using long-term monitoring of natural populations...

..Although further replication of the trends reported here is required, the results suggest that dimensionality of selection may complement genetic and geographic explanations for the degree of diversification in nature...

..They thus illustrate the varied and sometimes nonintuitive contributions of selection to heterogeneous genomic differentiation...

..Furthermore, our findings indicate that variable selection can be predicted if the agents of selection are known...

..The study of gene expression has promise for increasing our understanding ecological speciation, particularly when integrative approaches are applied...

..However, evidence for each selective hypothesis is still scarce, and further work is required to determine their relative importance...

..However, we also find evidence that recurrent adult migration between parapatric populations may tend to obscure the effects of selection...

..Because host-adaptation promotes reproductive isolation in these beetles, these loci provide promising candidate gene regions for future molecular studies of ecological speciation...

..These findings are highly consistent with the hypothesis that ecological adaptation plays a fundamental and taxonomically general role in promoting reproductive isolation and speciation...

..cristinae ecotypes is incomplete, and so only the stages before the completion of speciation have been examined. Studies of more divergent taxa within the genus are required to determine the factors that complete speciation...

..Future work on the ecological and genetic factors reducing gene flow will likely increase our understanding of the conditions that faciliate divergence in the face of gene flow...