Troy Day

..The theorem is closely related to Gödel's incompleteness theorem, and to the halting problem from computability theory...

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..This theory also provides a potential mechanism for the resolution of intralocus sexual conflict in sexually selected traits and a novel pathway for the evolution of sexual dimorphism...

..A recent paper by Sozou and Seymour questions this prediction using a mathematical model, but it remains to be seen whether their new results stand up to more general analysis...

..Immunopathology complicates our understanding of disease evolution, but can nevertheless be readily accounted for within the framework of the trade-off hypothesis...

..Here a simple, exact estimate of the failure rate is derived that does not depend on disease-specific parameters. This estimate is universally applicable to all infectious diseases...

..These qualitative theoretical results highlight important future directions for empirical research in order to quantify the potential for coral reefs to evolve resistance to thermal stress...

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..This contrasts with previous results and arises from our inclusion of two important factors absent from previous theory: costs of immunological up-regulation and a more suitable measure of parasite-induced mortality...

..In a companion paper, we illustrate the approach by applying it to data from a model system of malaria...

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..It also leads to novel predictions that are not possible using the game-theoretic approach. The general theory can be used to model the evolution of other pathogen traits as well...

..We find, quite generally, that plasticity promotes the evolution of higher levels of cooperation, in this case leading to reduced levels of both virulence and clearance...

..The results are illustrated for a model of the evolution of cooperation in a finite island population...

..e., correlated) fashion. As a corollary, the overall payoff of social interactions (i.e., the amount of cooperation) is maximized because couples of correlated partners effectively become the units of selection...

..Finally, public health interventions aimed at reducing the duration of avian virus infections in humans give the greatest reduction in the probability that a pandemic strain will evolve...

..Our purpose here is therefore to stimulate future research into quantifying these effects...

..Nevertheless, these models have proven very useful through their highlighting of the importance of within-host disease dynamics on pathogen evolution...

..For other types of population regulation our results reveal that cooperation can invade if players choose partners along relatively 'high-weight' edges...

..As mean fitness is an easily measurable quantity in microbial systems, this analysis provides new ways to track the dynamics of adaptation in experimental evolution and coevolution studies...

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..They further suggest that accounting for realistic kinds of heterogeneity when contemplating targeted treatment plans and policies might provide a new tool in the design of more effective virulence management strategies...

..In general, diseases that initially have a large reproductive number and/or that cause relatively long infections are the most prone to evolutionary adaptation...

..Our analyses highlight the importance of model selection and validation for revealing new biological insights...

..Further experimental work is needed to determine which of these two hypotheses provides the most likely explanation...

..Although focusing primarily on evolutionary invasion analysis, we provide several insights that apply to biological modelling in general...

..Finally, we use numerical simulations to verify that the results also hold under more general conditions...

..Mathematical analysis suggests why this might be happening, and provides a novel and robust explanation for cooperation, that negotiation can facilitate the evolution of cooperative behaviour...

..The results presented here also highlight a number of areas that warrant further study and emphasize that time-optimal control of the basic SIR model is still not fully understood...

..When isolation is ineffective, the use of quarantine will be most beneficial when there is significant asymptomatic transmission and if the asymptomatic period is neither very long nor very short...

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..A community-wide eradication of SARS is feasible if optimal isolation is combined with a highly effective screening programme at the points of entry...

..The best evidence for IBT and ABT currently comes from salmonid fishes and flowering plants, but we expect that future work will show these processes are more widespread...

..We argue that it is necessary to move beyond the simplistic classical expectation and to take a more comprehensive and precise approach to studies of senescence, both theoretically and empirically...

..In particular, we argue that more work should be done evaluating the nature and magnitude of parasite fitness costs associated with adaptation to vaccinated hosts...

..I conclude by suggesting that an alternative explanation might lie in differences in inoculum size between these two types of transmission...

..These results suggest a reinterpretation of several recent experiments and have important implications for developing theories of speciation when sexually antagonistic coevolution is involved...

..This provides a novel rationale for female preference for older mates; older males reveal more information in their sexual displays...

..The combined effects can therefore result in the novel prediction that an increase in interactive extrinsic mortality sources can select for slower senescent deterioration early in life but more rapid deterioration late in life...

..More generally, our findings highlight the difficulty of inferring complex underlying processes from simple emergent patterns...

..This change in perspective leads to predictions that are qualitatively different from those of previous theory...

..Together, these results suggest that identifying the nature of genetic variation in and the strength of natural selection on female resistance should be a central goal of future studies of sexual conflict...

..A mix of selection and manipulative studies on these is likely the most promising route...

..It also predicts the evolution of distinct patterns in ejaculate composition depending on the function of seminal fluid. In the discussion, we highlight a number of potential approaches for testing the theory that we develop...

..Moreover, under strong coupling it is also possible for natural selection to favor an evolutionary diversification of life histories, possibly resulting in two coexisting species with divergent life-history strategies...