J Grimshaw

..This paper builds on our experiences within the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC) review group...

..what should be transferred; to whom should research knowledge be transferred; by whom should research knowledge be transferred; how should research knowledge be transferred; and, with what effect should research knowledge be transferred?..

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..We invite readers to express their views in the online questionnaire accessed by following the URL link provided at the end of the editorial...

..This challenge has resulted in the development of implementation science or knowledge translation (KT) and the resulting need to build capacity in both the science and practice of KT...

..This study focuses on improving health outcomes for common paediatric acute health concerns by evaluating strategies that improve KT and reduce clinical practice variation...

..Regular laboratory test monitoring of patient parameters offers a route for improving the quality of chronic disease care. We evaluated the effects of brief educational messages attached to laboratory test reports on diabetes care...

..What adaptations might be made to any given option and could they alter its benefits, harms and costs? 6. Which stakeholder views and experiences might influence an option's acceptability and its benefits, harms, and costs?..

..These are: 1. Is a systematic review really what is needed? 2. What databases and search strategies can be used to find relevant systematic reviews? 3. What alternatives are available when no relevant review can be found?..

..These include the publication of raw data, extended versions of previously published trial-related articles, descriptions of 'lessons learned', negative results, and educational articles regarding ethics and reporting bias...

..Fifth, while health professionals may have a moral obligation to participate as subjects in research, this does not diminish the necessity of informed consent to study participation...

..Individuals who are indirectly affected by CRT study interventions, including patients of healthcare providers participating in knowledge translation CRTs, are not human research subjects unless at least one of these conditions is met...

..Finally, clinical equipoise provides research ethics committees with formal and procedural guidelines that form an important part of the assessment of the benefits and harms of CRTs in health research...

..Our hope is that these papers will serve as the basis for the creation of international ethical guidelines for the design and conduct of cluster randomized trials...

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..The objective is to evaluate registries' and individual trial records' compliance with the 2006 version of the WHO minimum data set...

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..If successful, then long-term objective outcomes reflecting the adoption of processes and associated patient care outcomes could be evaluated...

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..Our objective is to evaluate whether this 'full serve' evidence service increases the use of research evidence by CBOs as compared to a 'self-serve' evidence service...

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..Despite this evidence, anticoagulation is substantially underused, resulting in avoidable fatal and disabling strokes...

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..The purpose of this study was to identify and define features that facilitate guideline use, and examine whether and how they are included in current guidelines...

..Using an integrated model for the study of healthcare professionals' behaviour, our objective is to develop a theory-based, valid, reliable global instrument to assess the impact of accredited CPD activities on clinical practice...

..Implementation Science is introducing a policy of initially encouraging and subsequently requiring the scientific reporting of complex behaviour change interventions...

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..STUDY REGISTRATION: UKCRN ref:DRN120 (ICPD)...

..Outcome assessors will be blinded to group allocation. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12609001022257 (date registered 25th November 2009)...

..TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australia New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (ANZCTR) No: ACTRN12608000563369...

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..Interventions that facilitate relationship building among members and that promote knowledge exchange may be useful for optimizing the function of these groups...

..However a number of conceptual and methodological challenges remain...

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..The objective of this study is to identify the barriers and facilitators to physicians' participation in DECISION+ with the goal of disseminating DECISION+ on a larger scale...

..Similarly, the need for appropriate standards of reporting of cluster trials is more widely acknowledged...

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..We are conducting a trial to evaluate the improvement in obstetric practices using an active dissemination strategy to promote uptake of recommendations in The WHO Reproductive Health Library (RHL)...

..The purpose of our research was to compare the methodological and reporting quality of original versus updated Cochrane SRs to determine whether updating had improved these two quality dimensions...

..Our objective was to develop an instrument to assess the methodological quality of systematic reviews, building upon previous tools, empirical evidence and expert consensus...

..We set out to assess whether current guidance and systematic review evidence can sufficiently inform practical decisions about how to use audit and feedback to improve quality of care...

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..We set out to develop an intervention to promote appropriate disclosure of a diagnosis of dementia based on theoretical and empirical work...

..The purpose of this study was to design two theoretically-based interventions to promote the management of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) without prescribing antibiotics...

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..Improving 9-1-1 call takers' ability to recognize agonal breathing as a sign of cardiac arrest could result in improved bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation and survival rates for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest victims...

..However, interest in CPR training appears to decrease with advancing age. Behaviour surrounding CPR training and performance has never been studied using well validated behavioural theories...

..Future research is required to develop a better theoretical base and to evaluate further guideline dissemination and implementation strategies...

..We summarize the activities of The Cochrane Collaboration and how these can contribute to KT activities...

..To overcome these problems, by synthesizing and evaluating the data from systematic reviews, we have developed Rx for Change to provide a comprehensive, online database of the evidence for strategies to improve drug prescribing and use...

..To determine effectiveness and costs of different guideline dissemination and implementation strategies...

..Greater use of explicit theory to understand barriers, design interventions, and explore mediating pathways and moderators is needed to advance the science of implementation research...

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..To evaluate the effectiveness of an active strategy to implement the validated Canadian C-Spine Rule into multiple emergency departments...

..We review problems with current approaches to QI research and outline the steps required to make QI efforts based as much on evidence as the practices they seek to implement...

..There have been numerous reports of interventions designed to improve the care of patients with diabetes, but the effectiveness of such interventions is unclear...

..To assess the quality of reporting in Cochrane musculoskeletal systematic reviews (excluding back and injury reviews)...

..We critically reviewed the methodological quality of ITS designs using studies included in two systematic reviews (a review of mass media interventions and a review of guideline dissemination and implementation strategies)...

..Other factors should be considered when choosing the method of presentation of guidelines, such as information-seeking time, ease of use during the consultation, ability to update, production costs, and the physician's own preferences...

..Our team asked thirty-three agencies from Australia, Canada, France, the Netherlands, Scandinavia, the United Kingdom, and the United States about their role in promoting the results of the research they fund...

..A better theoretical underpinning of studies would make this body of research more useful...

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..This study demonstrates that ICCs are sensitive to a number of trial factors, particularly setting and outcome type. These factors must be considered when planning such cluster randomized trials...

..Our purpose was to measure the agreement, reliability, construct validity, and feasibility of a measurement tool to assess systematic reviews (AMSTAR)...

..Laparoscopic surgery may become the standard of care for the treatment of colorectal disease. Little is known regarding North American patterns of practice or the limiting factors and strategies for adoption among surgeons...

..Involving patients in self-management through patient financial incentives and reminders is also likely to positively affect performance...

..A sample size calculator is presented for calculating appropriate sample sizes for cluster trials, whilst allowing the implications of both methods of inflation to be considered...

..Providing patient-specific practice feedback can impact on identification and management of hypertension in the elderly and produce a significant increase in control...

..Contributing to health services research, implementation and effective health policy-making...

..Although absolute risk of death associated with raised blood pressure increases with age, the benefits of treatment are greater in older patients. However, fewer patients in this group are identified, treated, and controlled...

..There is evidence indicating that outreach facilitation can be effective in improving implementation of preventive care in GPs' offices. In this trial, we test a modified version of an outreach facilitation intervention...

..The STREGA recommendations do not prescribe or dictate how a genetic association study should be designed but seek to enhance the transparency of its reporting, regardless of choices made during design, conduct, or analysis...

..The STREGA recommendations do not prescribe or dictate how a genetic association study should be designed but seek to enhance the transparency of its reporting, regardless of choices made during design, conduct, or analysis...

..The STREGA recommendations do not prescribe or dictate how a genetic association study should be designed but seek to enhance the transparency of its reporting, regardless of choices made during design, conduct, or analysis...

..We conducted a systematic review to examine the efficacy and acceptability of long-term therapy with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors relative to placebo in the treatment of unipolar depression...

..The STREGA recommendations do not prescribe or dictate how a genetic association study should be designed but seek to enhance the transparency of its reporting, regardless of choices made during design, conduct, or analysis...

..We also encourage policy-makers and health-care managers to use this framework when deciding how effective interventions can be implemented in their own settings...

..The STREGA recommendations do not prescribe or dictate how a genetic association study should be designed, but seek to enhance the transparency of its reporting, regardless of choices made during design, conduct or analysis...

..To determine the prevalence of honorary and ghost authorship in Cochrane reviews, how authorship is assigned, and the ways in which authors and Cochrane editorial teams contribute...

..In general, studies evaluating the economics of guideline implementation lack methodological rigor. We conducted a systematic review of empiric studies to assess advances in the economic evaluations of guideline implementation...

..No trials presented cost data. CONCLUSIONS: There is no difference between the relativeeffectiveness of oral and intra-vaginal anti-fungal treatment for thrush...

..Empirical research examining whether CPG utility can be significantly improved by appropriately selecting and implementing theory throughout the CPG process is warranted...

..To prospectively develop a search strategy in MEDLINE for identifying studies on the diagnostic performance of any imaging modality, with maximized and minimized retrieval of relevant and irrelevant studies, respectively...

..The lack of the intervention effect may be related to the complexity of the guideline recommendations and the nature of the implementation strategy...

..To determine the effectiveness of two dissemination and implementation strategies to implement a national guideline for epilepsy management in primary care settings...