H S Sader

..Thus, regional surveillance programs are essential to guide empirical therapy and infection control measures...

..National and international surveillance programs as a guide to focusing intervention strategies should assist in the control of escalating antimicrobial resistance in this geographic area...

..In summary, resistance to most antimicrobial agents for a number of species implicated in bacteremia, especially among Gram-negative rods, has reached worrisome levels and continues to increase...

..The excellent in vitro Gram-positive activity by linezolid, in this study, indicate that this compound may represent an important therapeutic option for the treatment of infections caused by these pathogens in Brazil...

..However, when compared with the parenterally administered compounds, the oral agents seem to lose some in vitro antibacterial activity, especially against P. aeruginosa...

..These results define the role of quinupristin/dalfopristin in Latin American medical centers and provide a benchmark for future in vitro comparisons...

..The newer fluoroquinolones show an excellent potency and spectrum against pathogens causing community acquired respiratory infections in Latin America...

..maltophilia isolates observed in this study emphasize the importance of local surveillance in determining the most adequate therapy for acinetobacter and S. maltophilia infections and the possible clonal, epidemic nature of occurrence...

..5%) and varied widely (10.0 to 48.9%) among the monitored Latin American medical centers. Mupirocin resistance rates appear to be increasing and routine monitoring for potential resistance seems prudent...

..3% to 98.2% susceptibility). In sum, piperacillin/tazobactam was more active against all Gram-negative species than the other two combinations, with the exception of A. baumannii, and showed similar activity against Gram-positive cocci...

..faecium and E. faecalis among Brazilian hospitals. The results of this study indicate that linezolid is an appropriate therapeutic option for the treatment of vancomycin-resistant enterococci infections in Brazil...

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..Levofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone prescribed widely for respiratory tract infections, continued to show potent activity against key respiratory pathogens...

..MBL production was detected in 36 isolates (19.7% of the entire collection; 43.9% of the imipenem-resistant isolates) and the MBLs included SPM-1-like (55.6%), VIM-2-like (30.6%) and IMP-1-like (8.3%) enzymes...

..For hospitals with a high prevalence of strains producing this enzyme, there is no reference material to show whether the use of the E-test method for their detection, which can be quite expensive, is actually required...

..The most active fractions are being fractionated to identify their active substances. Higher concentrations of other extracts are currently being evaluated against the same microorganisms...

..The chrDNA fingerprinting proved to be versatile and precise for epidemiologic investigations of P. aeruginosa infections...

..aeruginosa for long periods of time. In addition, the finding of several different genotypes in the same patient suggests that the colonizing strain may occasionally be replaced...

..and Listeria spp. Dalbavancin may provide an important therapeutic option for Gram-positive infections, excluding those caused by enterococci with VanA-type resistance...

..4% susceptible), and was very limited (MIC50, > 8 mg/L) against Burkholderia cepacia (11.8% susceptible), Serratia spp. (5.4% susceptible), indole-positive Proteus spp. (1.3% susceptible) and Proteus mirabilis (0.7% susceptible)...

..5% susceptible by published breakpoint criteria) and moxifloxacin (MIC(90), 2 micro g/ml) MIC results was observed indicating that moxifloxacin could be further evaluated as a therapeutic option for S. maltophilia infections...

..baumannii; however, further studies are necessary to evaluate the clinical role of this compound for the treatment of severe infections...

..Cefdinir should be considered as a viable option for the therapy uSSTI caused by indicated species...

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..pneumoniae (refractory otitis media) and P. aeruginosa (cystic fibrosis associated pneumonia)...

..isolated in North American medical centers. Continued resistances surveillance monitoring will be necessary to assess the effectiveness of widely used broad-spectrum antimicrobials as novel resistance mechanisms emerge...

..Dalbavancin wild-type MIC distributions remain unchanged compared with prior sampled years (2002-2003) in the USA...

..Since selection of the most appropriate antimicrobial agents for testing and reporting has not been established by the NCCLS for many of NF-GNB species, results from large multicenter studies may help to guide the best empiric therapy...

..CONCLUSIONS: PPI-0903M was generally bactericidal against tested species, and the MIC results were stable across numerous susceptibility test condition changes...

..Continued resistance surveillance is critical to monitor the effectiveness of widely used parenteral antimicrobial agents such as cefepime...

..aeruginosa) isolated from ICU patients and may represent an excellent option for the treatment of infections in this clinical environment...

..Vancomycin test results most reliably predict dalbavancin susceptibility until validated commercial reagents become available for direct testing in clinical practice...

..4% and 2.3%, respectively). Our results indicate that cefepime was the most broad-spectrum cephalosporin analyzed and remains a very potent alternative for the treatment of contemporary pediatric infections in North America...

..Our results highlight the need for developing specific CA-UTI guidelines in geographic regions where elevated resistance to new and old compounds may influence prescribing decisions...

..We evaluated the spectrum and potency of omiganan against pathogens commonly associated with such infections...

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..1%) and imipenem in Spain (87.7%). Our results suggest that tigecycline represents a viable additional option for the empirical treatment of cSSSI in these countries...

..After a 24-h incubation, the ERY-CC combinations of 4 and 0.5, 6 and 1, and 8 and 1.5 microg/ml correlated well with the D-zone test...

..The great genomic variability found among the ciprofloxacin-resistant Escherichia coli highlights the importance of the appropriate use of quinolone to restrict the selection of resistant isolates...

..This report describes the ability of nonfermentative nosocomial pathogens to acquire and disseminate antimicrobial resistance determinants...

..We evaluated the in vitro activity of this compound and selected comparator agents tested against clinical strains of staphylococci and enterococci collected in European medical centers in 2005...

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..These in vitro data suggest that garenoxacin warrants further clinical studies in SSTI, especially against staphylococci and streptococcal pathogens...

..5, and 1 microg/mL for staphylococci, enterococci, beta-hemolytic streptococci, and viridans group streptococci, respectively, and no significant loss in potency was observed over the period studied...

..With MDR in Gram-positive organisms increasing in prevalence, continued surveillance of linezolid appears to be prudent practice as linezolid becomes more widely prescribed for these difficult-to-treat infections...

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..Dalbavancin demonstrated excellent potency and activity (100% susceptibility at proposed breakpoints) against common causes of SSSI pathogens in this U.S. multicenter study sample...

..These characteristics warrant continued evaluation of the agent as empiric therapy for cSSSIs, and in pneumonia, especially in those institutions/regions where MRSA and P. aeruginosa may be prevalent...

..Tigecycline represents a new choice among broad-spectrum parenteral agents for the common Gram-positive and -negative pathogens producing serious infections of skin and soft tissues...

..Further clinical studies should consider the role that tigecycline may play in the therapy for severe respiratory tract infections, both of nosocomial and community origin...

..To investigate the potency of doripenem, a broad-spectrum carbapenem characterized by a wider spectrum of activity combining antimicrobial and bactericidal features of imipenem and meropenem...

..To evaluate the potency of a novel peptide deformylase inhibitor, NVP PDF-713, against Gram-positive organisms having resistances to linezolid or quinupristin/dalfopristin...

..CONCLUSIONS: Daptomycin exhibited excellent in vitro activity against a wide spectrum of Gram-positive organisms and may represent a therapeutic option for infections caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens worldwide...

..Some VRE were inhibited by very low dalbavancin concentrations (< or = 1 microg/ml; Van B phenotypes). Further clinical development seems warranted for this once-weekly administered agent...

..Most apparent were the decreasing susceptibility rates for ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime against staphylococci. Continued surveillance in these institutions appears warranted as sites of high potential emerging resistance risk...

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..In conclusion, LB 11058 demonstrated a broad antibacterial spectrum and was highly active against gram-positive bacteria, particularly against multidrug-resistant staphylococci and streptococci...

..Resistance surveillance among these organisms remains necessary to guide empirical antimicrobial therapy, especially for these less frequently isolated and difficult to test pathogens...

..We conclude that the ability to characterize organisms phenotypically and genotypically is a powerful epidemiologic tool and it provides unique information that is very important for multicenter surveillance programs...

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..These findings confirm that the newer cephalosporins (cefepime and ceftriaxone) among broad-spectrum beta-lactam agents have a spectrum of activity that remains comprehensive for the commonly isolated Gram-positive pathogens...

..03 microg/ml) and Legionella spp. (MIC(90), 0.5 microg/ml). These results on recently isolated organisms indicate that grepafloxacin has a sustained potency and spectrum against most clinically important and indicated pathogens...

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..Kill curve experiments showed a clear pattern of bactericidal activity...

..This report allows the evaluation of the activities numerous antimicrobial agents against clinical isolates collected in Latin American countries...

..Cefepime and the carbapenems (imipenem or meropenem) for Gram-negative isolates and linezolid for Gram-positive isolates, provided the broadest spectrum of in vitro activity against contemporary ICU pathogens in North America...

..Serious infections in nosocomial environments should benefit from tigecycline use among the investigational phase 3 agents focused toward resistant strains...

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..In summary, dalbavancin was very active against a wide spectrum of resistant Gram-positive isolates and demonstrated greater potency than vancomycin or teicoplanin...

..016 mug/mL (with higher values for ertapenem). Doripenem appears to be a promising, potent carbapenem for parenteral use against contemporary Gram-negative bacilli producing various beta-lactamases...

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..4%). Local and global surveillance studies of common respiratory pathogens such as S. pneumoniae remain instrumental to guide clinicians in appropriate empirical treatments and to emphasize the need for prudent antimicrobial use...

..0%) for on-scale results analyzed at +/-1 log2 dilution for same- and between-day comparisons. Newer and investigational fluoroquinolone agents, including gemifloxacin, can be tested with confidence using these dry-form MIC panels...

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..The emergence and dissemination of mobile MbetaL-producing isolates represent an alarming factor for increasing resistance to carbapenems in several medical centres evaluated by the SENTRY Program in Latin America...

..BAL9141 displayed a predominant bactericidal activity against the majority of Gram-positive and -negative species, including resistant subsets, making it an attractive candidate for further development...

..Only 0.5% of all 415 recent CA-SSTI pathogens were resistant to cefdinir (MIC, > or = 4 mg/L). Cefdinir showed a spectrum and potency comparable or superior to other orally administered beta-lactams (cephalexin)...

..and Acinetobacter baumannii isolates. Continued surveillance of the carbapenem class and other broad-spectrum agents is warranted to monitor activity against pathogens causing serious infections in hospitalized patients...

..Carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa, ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli, ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae constitute serious problem in this geographic region...