Host determinants of antiretroviral drug activityMarta Boffito
St Stephen s Centre Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London SW10 9NH, UK
Curr Opin Infect Dis 18:543-9. 2005
..The potential role of pharmacogenetics in the management of HIV-1 infected individuals and drug discovery will be discussed...
- Undefined duration of opiate withdrawal induced by efavirenz in drug users with HIV infection and undergoing chronic methadone treatment
Marta Boffito
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 18:341-2. 2002
The unbound percentage of saquinavir and indinavir remains constant throughout the dosing interval in HIV positive subjectsMarta Boffito
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, UK
Br J Clin Pharmacol 54:262-8. 2002
....
- Simultaneous determination of rifampicin and efavirenz in plasma
Marta Boffito
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Univeristy of Liverpool, United Kingdom
Ther Drug Monit 24:670-4. 2002
..This HPLC method is highly sensitive and precise, suitable for pharmacokinetic studies or routine clinical monitoring of rifampicin and efavirenz simultaneously in HIV patients with tuberculosis...
- Pharmacokinetics of saquinavir co-administered with cimetidine
Marta Boffito
Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
J Antimicrob Chemother 50:1081-4. 2002
..Further pharmacokinetic studies in HIV-infected subjects are warranted to confirm the boosting effect of cimetidine and to investigate any impact that the increase in saquinavir C(max) may have on intracellular accumulation of the drug...
- Influence of atazanavir 200 mg on the intracellular and plasma pharmacokinetics of saquinavir and ritonavir 1600/100 mg administered once daily in HIV-infected patients
Jennifer Ford
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, 70 Pembroke Place, Liverpool L69 3GF, and PK Research Ltd, St Stephen's Centre, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
J Antimicrob Chemother 58:1009-16. 2006
..Co-administration of atazanavir caused an increase in both the plasma and cellular exposure (AUC0-24) and C24 of saquinavir but not ritonavir...
- Population pharmacokinetics of ritonavir-boosted saquinavir regimens in HIV-infected individuals
Laura Dickinson
NIHR National Biomedical Research Centre, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital Trust, Liverpool, UK
J Antimicrob Chemother 62:1344-55. 2008
....
- Simultaneous population pharmacokinetic modelling of atazanavir and ritonavir in HIV-infected adults and assessment of different dose reduction strategies
Alessandro Schipani
Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 62:60-6. 2013
..Simulations of ATV concentration-time profiles were performed at doses of ATV/RTV 300/50 mg, 200/50 mg, and 200/100 mg once daily...
- Lopinavir protein binding in vivo through the 12-hour dosing interval
Marta Boffito
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
Ther Drug Monit 26:35-9. 2004
..05 with both methods), suggesting a concentration-dependent binding of LPV that has not been observed in vitro. However, the clinical significance of such phenomena is still unclear...
- The relationship between nevirapine plasma concentrations and abnormal liver function tests
Lisa M Almond
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 20:716-22. 2004
..228; p = 0.04). Overall we found no strong association between NVP concentrations and hepatotoxicity. Although in this study NVP was well tolerated in HCV/HBV coinfected patients, higher plasma concentrations were observed...
- Limited-sampling strategy for the prediction of boosted hard-gel saquinavir exposure at a dosage of 1000/100 mg twice daily in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals
Laura Dickinson
Department of Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
Ther Drug Monit 29:361-7. 2007
..It may also aid the choice of sampling times for population analysis...
- Clinical use of lopinavir/ritonavir in a salvage therapy setting: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
Marta Boffito
Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
AIDS 16:2081-3. 2002
..On multivariate analysis, a lopinavir concentration of 5.7 microg/ml or greater was an independent predictor of viral suppression over a 9-month follow-up period...
- Sequential population pharmacokinetic modeling of lopinavir and ritonavir in healthy volunteers and assessment of different dosing strategies
Laura Dickinson
Department of Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Pharmacology Research Laboratories, Block H, First Floor, 70 Pembroke Place, Liverpool L693GF, United Kingdom
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55:2775-82. 2011
..The model allows a better understanding of the interaction between lopinavir and ritonavir and may allow a better prediction of lopinavir concentrations and assessments of different dosing strategies...
- Intracellular and plasma pharmacokinetics of saquinavir-ritonavir, administered at 1,600/100 milligrams once daily in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients
Jennifer Ford
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, 70 Pembroke Pl, Block H, First Floor, Liverpool L69 3GF, United Kingdom
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48:2388-93. 2004
..The intracellular t(1/2)s of saquinavir and ritonavir were longer than the plasma t(1/2)s, indicating that intracellular drug may be available at a time when concentrations in plasma are below the minimum effective concentration...
Pharmacokinetic analysis to assess forgiveness of boosted saquinavir regimens for missed or late dosingLaura Dickinson
Department of Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
J Antimicrob Chemother 62:161-7. 2008
..To give an estimation of 'forgiveness', we determined the length of time plasma drug concentrations were below target in HIV-infected patients receiving saquinavir/ritonavir regimens...
- Plasma and intracellular pharmacokinetics of darunavir/ritonavir once daily and raltegravir once and twice daily in HIV-infected individuals
Akil Jackson
St Stephen s Centre, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 58:450-7. 2011
..To investigate the pharmacokinetics of darunavir/ritonavir and raltegravir, in HIV-infected subjects, in both plasma and at the intracellular (IC) site of action...
- Estimation of the effect of SLCO1B1 polymorphisms on lopinavir plasma concentration in HIV-infected adults
Alessandro Schipani
Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
Antivir Ther 17:861-8. 2012
..The aim of this study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model to quantify the impact of 521T>C...
- Pharmacokinetics of lamivudine and lamivudine-triphosphate after administration of 300 milligrams and 150 milligrams once daily to healthy volunteers: results of the ENCORE 2 study
Laura J Else
Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56:1427-33. 2012
..68 to 0.99), and 0.70 (0.61 to 0.82), respectively. We found that 3TC at 150 mg is not bioequivalent to the standard regimen of 300 mg, indicating that saturation of cytosine phosphorylation pathways is not achieved at a dose of 150 mg...
- Effect of omeprazole on the pharmacokinetics of saquinavir-500 mg formulation with ritonavir in healthy male and female volunteers
Alan Winston
Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
AIDS 20:1401-6. 2006
..We evaluated the effect of omeprazole, a proton-pump-inhibitor, on the pharmacokinetics of the recently developed saquinavir-500 mg formulation co-administered with ritonavir...
- The clinical implications of antiretroviral pharmacogenomics
Julie Fox
St. Mary's Hospital, Clinical Trials Centre, Winston Churchill Wing, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Praed Street, London W2 1NY, UK
Pharmacogenomics 7:587-96. 2006
..This review summarizes the key findings in the growing knowledge between human genetics and response to antiretroviral drugs and how these findings may be effectively applied in a clinical context...
- Different methods to calculate the inhibitory quotient of boosted single protease inhibitors and their association with virological response
Alan Winston
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 41:675-6. 2006
- Interindividual variability of once-daily ritonavir boosted saquinavir pharmacokinetics in Thai and UK patients
Reshma Saskia Autar
The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, 104 Rajdumri Road, 10330 Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
J Antimicrob Chemother 56:908-13. 2005
..Differential exposure to saquinavir/ritonavir may lead to therapy failure. The objective was to identify factors that influence variability of saquinavir/ritonavir plasma concentrations...
- Therapeutic drug monitoring and drug-drug interactions involving antiretroviral drugs
Marta Boffito
Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
Antivir Ther 10:469-77. 2005
....
- Practical perspectives on the use of tipranavir in combination with other medications: lessons learned from pharmacokinetic studies
Marta Boffito
PK Research, St. Stephen's Centre-Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, United Kingdom
J Clin Pharmacol 46:130-9. 2006
....
- The clinical pharmacology of antiretrovirals in development
Alan Winston
Imperial College, Clinical Trials Unit, Ground Flood, Winston Churchill Wing, St Mary s Hospital, Praed Street, London W2 1NY, UK
Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2:447-58. 2006
..This review reports the known data on the pharmacokinetics of experimental antiretrovirals, and describe the main drug-drug interactions studied so far...
- Pharmacokinetics of saquinavir hard-gel/ritonavir and atazanavir when combined once daily in HIV Type 1-infected individuals administered different atazanavir doses
Marta Boffito
Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 22:749-56. 2006
..Atazanavir-related hyperbilirubinemia was dose dependent. However, higher saquinavir and atazanavir exposure may be required to suppress HIV-resistant strain replication...
- Stopping antiretroviral therapy
Stephen Taylor
Directorate of Sexual Medicine and HIV, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Bordesly Green East, Birmingham, UK
AIDS 21:1673-82. 2007
- Abacavir plasma pharmacokinetics in the absence and presence of atazanavir/ritonavir or lopinavir/ritonavir and vice versa in HIV-infected patients
Lauro J Waters
St Stephen s Centre, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
Antivir Ther 12:825-30. 2007
..This study investigated the steady-state plasma pharmacokinetics of abacavir when co-administered with atazanavir/ritonavir or lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-infected individuals...
- A novel probe drug interaction study to investigate the effect of selected antiretroviral combinations on the pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose of maraviroc in HIV-positive subjects
Anton L Pozniak
St Stephens AIDS Trust, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
Br J Clin Pharmacol 65:54-9. 2008
....
- Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in HAART and antibiotic therapy
Marta Boffito
Pharmacokinetic Research Unit, St Stephen s Centre, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
New Microbiol 30:346-9. 2007
....
- A review of the clinical pharmacology of maraviroc. Introduction
Marta Boffito
St Stephens AIDS Trust, Crusaid Research Institute, St Stephen's Centre, London, UK
Br J Clin Pharmacol 65:1-4. 2008
- Early virologic failure in HIV-1 infected subjects on didanosine/tenofovir/efavirenz: 12-week results from a randomized trial
Desmond Maitland
Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
AIDS 19:1183-8. 2005
....
- Treating advanced HIV infection
Marta Boffito
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 34:344-5. 2003
- Can we boost enough without ritonavir?
Marta Boffito
Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
AIDS Read 14:229-30, 233-5. 2004
- Unexpected drug interactions and adverse events with antiretroviral drugs
Graeme Moyle
Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NH, UK
Lancet 364:8-10. 2004
- Intra-individual variability in lopinavir plasma trough concentrations supports therapeutic drug monitoring
Marta Boffito
AIDS 17:1107-8. 2003
- Atazanavir enhances saquinavir hard-gel concentrations in a ritonavir-boosted once-daily regimen
Marta Boffito
Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
AIDS 18:1291-7. 2004
..To determine the pharmacokinetics of saquinavir hard-gel capsules/ritonavir/atazanavir co-administered once daily at 1600/100/300 mg in HIV-infected individuals...
- Steady-State pharmacokinetics of saquinavir hard-gel/ritonavir/fosamprenavir in HIV-1-infected patients
Marta Boffito
PK Research Ltd, St Stephen s Centre, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 37:1376-84. 2004
..This study evaluated the steady-state pharmacokinetics of saquinavir 1000 mg twice daily (bid) and fosamprenavir 700 mg bid administered with 2 different doses of ritonavir (100 and 200 mg bid) in HIV-1-infected subjects...
- Pharmacokinetics of saquinavir hard gel/ritonavir (1000/100 mg twice daily) when administered with tenofovir diproxil fumarate in HIV-1-infected subjects
Marta Boffito
PK Research Ltd, St Stephen s Centre, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London SW10 9NH, UK
Br J Clin Pharmacol 59:38-42. 2005
..To investigate whether the administration of tenofovir diproxil fumarate 300 mg once daily alters the plasma pharmacokinetics of the saquinavir hard gel/ritonavir combination in HIV-1 infected individuals...
- The pharmacokinetics of HIV protease inhibitor combinations
Marta Boffito
PK Research, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
Curr Opin Infect Dis 18:1-7. 2005
..We review the pharmacologic rationale for the double-boosted protease inhibitor combinations and the complex drug-drug interactions that occur among different protease inhibitors when co-administered...
- Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drug interactions involving HIV-1 protease inhibitors
Akil Jackson
Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
AIDS Rev 6:208-17. 2004
....
- Boosted saquinavir hard gel formulation exposure in HIV-infected subjects: ritonavir 100 mg once daily versus twice daily
Marta Boffito
PK Research Ltd, St Stephen s Centre, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London SW10 9NH, UK
J Antimicrob Chemother 55:542-5. 2005
..This study examined the pharmacokinetics of twice-daily saquinavir-hg (1000 mg) in the presence of ritonavir 100 mg, dosed twice-daily and once-daily on one single occasion...
- Pharmacokinetic evaluation of indinavir and indinavir/ritonavir-containing antiretroviral regimens in a clinical setting
Marta Boffito
Ther Drug Monit 24:574-6. 2002
- Lopinavir measurement in pleural effusion in a human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patient with kaposi's sarcoma
Marta Boffito
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46:3684-5. 2002
- Protein binding in antiretroviral therapies
Marta Boffito
St. Stephens Centre, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NH, United Kingdom
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 19:825-35. 2003
....
- Antiretroviral therapy to reduce the sexual transmission of HIV
Stephen Taylor
Department of Sexual Medicine, Brimingham Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK
J HIV Ther 8:55-66. 2003
..In the worst-case scenario, antiretroviral therapy may simply increase the transmission of drug-resistant virus...
- Alpha 1-acid glycoprotein levels in human immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects on antiretroviral regimens
Marta Boffito
Drug Metab Dispos 30:859-60. 2002
- Lopinavir/ritonavir absorption in a gastrectomized patient
Marta Boffito
AIDS 17:136-7. 2003
- Ketoconazole and lopinavir/ritonavir coadministration: boosting beyond boosting
Marta Boffito
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 19:941-2. 2003
- Simvastatin co-prescribed with protease inhibitors despite dangerous drug interactions
Katherine M Coyne
Sex Transm Infect 83:498. 2007
- Lactacidemia in asymptomatic HIV-infected subjects receiving nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors
Marta Boffito
Clin Infect Dis 34:558-9. 2002
- Pharmacokinetic considerations for combining 2 protease inhibitors
Marta Boffito
Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
AIDS Read 14:110-2, 115-6. 2004
- Detection of stavudine concentrations in plasma of HIV-infected patients taking zidovudine
Stefano Bonora
AIDS 18:577-8. 2004
- Pharmacokinetics and antiretroviral response to darunavir/ritonavir and etravirine combination in patients with high-level viral resistance
Marta Boffito
St Stephen s Centre, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
AIDS 21:1449-55. 2007
..Cumulative antiretroviral exposure can result in multiclass HIV drug resistance. Experimental antiretroviral agents offer limited therapeutic benefit as resistance quickly develops after their introduction as a sole new agent...
- Pharmacokinetics of once-daily saquinavir/ritonavir in HIV-infected subjects: comparison with the standard twice-daily regimen
Marta Boffito
Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
Antivir Ther 9:423-9. 2004
..To evaluate the steady-state pharmacokinetics and safety of two once-daily saquinavir/ritonavir (SQV/RTV) regimens, 1600/100 and 2000/100 mg, in HIV-positive patients...
- Nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor drug interactions
Yohan P Samarasinghe
PK Research-St. Stephen's Centre, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London SW10 9NH, UK
J HIV Ther 9:79-86. 2004
..This article aims to identify clinically relevant, beneficial and detrimental interactions of this class of antiretroviral agent...
- Lack of pharmacokinetic drug interaction between tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and nelfinavir mesylate
Marta Boffito
PK Research, St Stephen s Centre, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49:4386-9. 2005
..No interaction between tenofovir and nelfinavir was observed...
- Current status and future prospects of therapeutic drug monitoring and applied clinical pharmacology in antiretroviral therapy
Marta Boffito
Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
Antivir Ther 10:375-92. 2005
..In addition, the panel formulated a series of position statements that are relevant to the interpretation of current data and can aid the design of future clinical trials...
- The management of HIV-1 protease inhibitor pharmacokinetic interactions
Alan Winston
St Stephen's Centre, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
J Antimicrob Chemother 56:1-5. 2005
..This review will focus on the current use of PIs, highlighting some important management issues encountered with common pharmacokinetic interactions seen in clinical practice...
