R Meeusen

..Fatigue during prolonged exercise clearly is influenced by a complex interaction between peripheral and central factors...

..Exercise is a powerful tool to stimulate several brain processes, and it is becoming clear that therapeutic effects of exercise are not only good for cardiovascular and other diseases, but that exercise is also good for the brain...

..To address this conundrum we investigated if a bicycle journey along a busy commuting road would induce changes in biomarkers of pulmonary and systematic inflammation in a group of healthy subjects...

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..In this work, whether a two-bout exercise protocol can be used to make an objective, immediately available distinction between non-functional over reaching (NFO) and overtraining syndrome (OTS) was studied...

..It is, however, unlikely that one neurotransmitter system is responsible for the delay or onset of fatigue. Further research is required to determine the exact mechanisms of fatigue in different environmental conditions...

..These results clearly showed that time trial performance could not be influenced, but that during prolonged exercise the brain activity can be influenced, as measured by the peripheral hormones...

..To assess whether exercise volume during phase II rehabilitation affects long-term clinical benefits in patients with coronary artery disease...

..These findings can be used to develop markers for diagnosis of OTS and to begin to address the pathologic mechanism operative in the syndrome, as well as providing an outcome measure to evaluate possible therapeutic regimes...

..Surprisingly, the increases in PRL and endorphins were lower during the SSRI trial, meaning that the hormonal modulation during exercise might be regulated by the interaction between neurotransmitters rather than by serotonin alone...

..Recently two excellent reviews on the application of microdialysis in human experiments especially in subcutaneous tissue have been published, and we refer the interested reader to these articles...

..It is very important to emphasize the need to distinguish the OTS from overreaching and other potential causes of temporary underperformance such as anemia, acute infection, muscle damage, and insufficient carbohydrate intake...

..CONCLUSION: From the present results, we can conclude that bupropion had a more marked central noradrenergic effect (compared to dopaminergic) on the hormonal response to exercise, but no effect on the outcome of performance...

..Due to the dual reuptake properties of the drug and the functional interconnection of the NA and the 5-HT systems, the observed effects on peripheral hormones are possibly mediated by a combined action of these 2 systems...

..Interestingly, despite an increase in core temperature and improved performance in the maximal dose, there was no change in RPE and thermal sensation, suggesting an altered motivation or drive to continue exercise...

..Correlations were found between VO(2peak) (/kg) (r>/=0.40) and kcal/week and min/week. Preliminary results indicate that the minimum expended energy needed for the improvement of indexes of fitness is higher for men compared with women...

..It can, therefore, be concluded that, although bupropion has dual reuptake proprieties, the observed effects both at the central and at the peripheral level seem to be ruled by the dopaminergic system...

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..Central fatigue will be determined by the collaboration of the different neurotransmitter systems, with the most important role possibly being for the catecholamines dopamine and noradrenaline...

..Our findings confirm that the current International Olympic Committee threshold level for nandrolone metabolites is sufficiently high to avoid false positive cases...

..An impaired sympathoadrenergic response to hypoglycaemic episodes has been described in young Type 1 diabetic subjects. It is unknown if this altered response occurs with exercise, and if it could influence aerobic power...

..These results show that cycling to work has a positive influence on CHD risk factors and is likely to improve the health-related quality of life in previously untrained healthy adults...

..To assess the quality of current evidence as to the effectiveness of robot-assisted gait training in spinal cord injured patients, focusing on walking ability and performance...

..The new clinical examination method measures the provoked RP threshold resulting in an outcome, expressed in kg/cm2...

..We therefore propose the PO/AH as an important thermoregulatory site in the brain during exercise...

..Further study is warranted...

..The present results demonstrate that inhibition of NE and DA reuptake suppresses heat loss mechanisms and elevates T(brain) and T(core) in freely moving rats...

..It is carried out within a short space of time (<2 min) without using inclinometric instruments...

..This study shows a negative effect of UFP exposure on the exercise-induced up-regulation of BDNF gene expression in the hippocampus of rats...

..Whether this effect is also present with chronic exercise and chronic exposure must be further elucidated...

..In particular, the higher resting GH concentrations indicated a marked and selective noradrenergic effect of REB. However, performance was not influenced by a selective NARI in well-trained endurance athletes...

..These findings confirm results from previous studies that predominantly increased DA activity is important in improving performance...

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..In scuba diving, reliable sport-specific risk factors for LBP were found to be scarce. Further biomechanical research is required to point out whether or not scuba diving characteristics actually contribute to LBP...

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..However, insufficient information is available on the influence of training session duration on the evolution of exercise capacity...

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..To establish a causal relationship, further study of these interactions using a prospective longitudinal design is required...

..Elevated plasma leptin, hsCRP, IL-6, and FFA concentrations are associated with obesity and not necessarily with the type 2 diabetic state...

..It seems that chronic administration results in an adaptation of central neurotransmitter homeostasis, resulting in a different response to the drug...

..RNase L and elastase activity are related to daily functioning, thus evidence supporting the clinical importance of these immune dysfunctions in CFS patients was provided...

..Athletes with shoulder pain show a lack of scapular motor control on their painful side in contrast to their pain-free side. No scapular positioning or motor control differences were found in athletes with or without shoulder pain...

..This study determines the injury rate (%) and the associated direct medical and indirect costs of sports injuries in Flanders...

..The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of the prolongation of exercise sessions (from 40 to 60 minutes) on training adherence in the rehabilitation of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD)...

..This study shows that VT should be assessed by the appropriate exercise model for determining exercise intensity in cardiac rehabilitation...

..To assess which exercise testing protocol is most sensitive for assessing peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) changes as a result of cardiac rehabilitation...

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..In this study, we have assessed whether CR is equally effective for suppressing the two-year cardiovascular event incidence after CABG or PCI...

..Subsequently, more BDNF could be released into the blood circulation which may, in turn, be absorbed more efficiently by central and/or peripheral tissues where it could induce a cascade of neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects...

..Further studies are needed to define the optimal interventional programme for obese patients...

..The present work failed to prove whether or not 5-HT has an exclusive role in the onset of centrally mediated fatigue during prolonged exercise in both normal and high ambient temperature...

..It appears that bupropion enabled subjects to maintain a greater TT power output in the heat with the same perception of effort and thermal stress reported during the placebo trial, despite the attainment of a higher core temperature...

..Moreover, these results support previous findings in humans that acute bupropion ingestion increases T(core) during exercise in the heat, indicating the possibility of an important role for DA and NA in thermoregulation...

..These findings indicate that a state of overreaching can already be induced after 7 days of intensified training with limited recovery...

..Parallels between commonly used models for NFO and OTS and a threshold theory support the idea that psychomotor speed is impaired in athletes with NFO or OTS and could also be used as an early marker to prevent NFO and/or OTS...

..Older soccer players succeeded in maintaining good aerobic and anaerobic physical capability...

..Back complaints are a common in society...

..The objective of this study was to identify and establish the association of occupational risk factors with the prevalence of low back (LB) problems in a semi-automated South African Steel industry...

..These findings together with the under-reporting, leads one to conclude that work hardening and a cultural ethos of non-complaining among manual labourers, moderates the association between LBP and the aetiological factors studied...

..In conclusion, work hardening and a contented ethos of the manual laborers under study moderates the association between the prevalence and etiology of LBP...

..57; 95% CI 0.42-0.78). These findings have utility in preventative screening procedures to identify workers with such beliefs and coping strategies who are at risk for prolonged work restrictions...

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..6 +/- 0.9) and electrostimulation (0.6 +/- 1.2) were more beneficial (p < 0.01) than water-aerobic exercises (2.1 +/- 1.1) and passive rest (2.1 +/- 1.7) for reducing muscle pain, which could affect the player's working ability...

..Moreover, during the Olympic Games, a nationalistic fervor might affect the equality of gender coverage...

..7 +/- 2.9 mM). No significant difference emerged for CMJ and BJ after the 2 halves, demonstrating that young referees with acceptable fitness levels are able to maintain their all-out capabilities during the whole match...