Reinhold Schmidt

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..In addition, we explore the usefulness of such techniques as surrogate markers of these diseases...

..Patients and their caregivers should receive detailed information about skin reactions to omit unnecessary drop outs to treatment...

..Involvement of these common functional anatomical structures and their modulatory transmitter systems has now led to common interventional approaches such as the use of cholinesterase inhibitors...

..A disease-modifying therapy which delays the onset of Alzheimer disease by 5 years, will probably reduce the number of patients by nearly 50% during the next 50 years...

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..We also guide in the management of DLB as pharmacological treatment can pose difficult dilemmas for the treating clinician...

..Controlled clinical trials which have behavioral disturbances and psychotic symptoms as primary endpoint are needed to define the true potential of memantine in mild dementia stages...

..Like any other MRI metric, the change in white matter lesion volume cannot be considered preferable to clinical outcomes unless it has been demonstrated that it matters to the patient in terms of function...

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..Care takes place in 80% by the families and is provided by women in 78%. The rate of female care-givers in partly institutionalized care units in 91% in nursing homes it is 84%...

..We examined the associations between CRP, carotid atherosclerosis, white matter lesions, and lacunes as manifestations of cerebral large- and small-vessel disease...

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..To what extent vascular risk factors and white matter hyperintensities (WMH) affect hippocampal volume (HV) in asymptomatic elderly subjects and thus may impact such a predictive capacity is controversial...

..While this increase in extension is frequently seen as evidence for a continuum of changes, histological data and clinical follow-up suggest differences in underlying pathology and their progression...

..Power calculations based on quantitative data of the Austrian Stroke Prevention Study (ASPS) suggest that such studies would be feasible...

..Most importantly, vascular lesions, even if subtle, exert significant effects on the patients' cognitive functioning if they coexist with AD pathology...

..In summary we presently may assume only subtle effects of the apoE polymorphism on the course of MS. These effects are probably further modulated by other genes and need further investigation...

..We hypothesized that ultrastructural abnormalities of the normal-appearing brain tissue (NABT) assessed by diffusion-weighted imaging played a major and independent role...

..The purpose of these guidelines is the rational and cost-effective use of diagnostic and therapeutic measures in dementing illnesses. Users are physicians and all other providers of care for patients with dementia in Austria...

..In a substudy of the VITAmins TO Prevent Stroke (VITATOPS) trial, we assessed the hypothesis that the addition of once-daily supplements of B vitamins would reduce the progression of CSVD-related brain lesions...

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..We conclude that MTR measurements can serve to quantify WMH associated tissue damage. It is predominantly focal, relatively mild, increases with lesion size and may have remote effects on the frontal white matter...

..Multimodal pain therapy is superior to one-dimensional approaches. A discussion of the effects and interactions of the analgesics presently available for geriatric care forms an integral part of this review...

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..This suggests compensatory activation related to disturbance of frontosubcortical circuits...

..We explored cognitive impairment in metabolic syndrome in relation to brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings...

..The missing correlation with behavioural variables and lack of differences with the passive paradigm suggests that this excess activation is not exclusively compensatory and also not hard-wired...

..In multiple sclerosis (MS), the epsilon4 allele of apolipoprotein E (APOE epsilon4) has been associated with more rapid clinical worsening and more severe tissue damage on magnetic resonance imaging...

..The Austrian Stroke Prevention Study did not find an association between the evolution of WMH and cognitive functioning but the statistical power of this analysis was small and the relationship needs to be further explored...

..To assess the influence of cognitive, functional and behavioral factors, co-morbidities as well as caregiver characteristics on driving cessation in dementia patients...

..There is a need for additional pre- and postmortem studies in humans, including these new imaging techniques...

..Experimental data suggest that high-grade vascular stenosis may induce chronic cerebral tissue damage...

..Additional investigations are required to explore the biological mechanisms underlying the observed association...

..Lesion progression had no influence on the course of neuropsychologic test performance over the observational period, but the statistical power of this analysis was low...

..Lesion progression had no influence on the course of neuropsychologic test performance over the observational period, but the statistical power of this analysis was low...

..These data support the view that inflammatory markers may reflect not only peripheral disease, but also cerebral disease mechanisms related to dementia, and that these processes are measurable long before clinical symptoms appear...

..Physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness relate to better cognitive performance. Little is known about the effects of fitness on structural brain abnormalities in the elderly...

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..To explore the value of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and magnetization transfer imaging (MTI) for the improved detection and quantification of cerebral tissue changes associated with ageing and white matter hyperintensities (WMH)...

..White matter changes (WMC) and microbleeds (MBs) are common in the elderly and in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD)...

..Furthermore the meaning of darkening of the basal ganglia will be discussed and, in more general terms, the occurrence of virchow robin spaces and changes in cerebral metabolites assessable by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy...

..0001). Punctate white matter lesions are not progressive and are thus benign, whereas early confluent and confluent white matter abnormalities are progressive, and thus malignant...

..Arterial hypertension and age are the most important risk factors. We assessed the association between MARCD and sequence alterations in the promoter region of the angiotensinogen (AGT) gene...

..We attempted to assess the concept of functional reorganization concerning cognition using a simple "Go/No-go" fMRI paradigm...

..Previous findings concerning a possible modulation of the clinical course of MS have been inconsistent, however...

..These studies were performed primarily on the North American population and investigated in partly selected patient cohorts...

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..The recent genomegenome wide association study on white matter lesions identified a novel locus on chromosome 17q25 harboring several genes such as TRIM65 and TRIM47 which pinpoints to possible novel mechanisms leading to these lesions...

..Our data suggest such a battery that, if supported in a prospective study, may form the basis of laboratory-supported criteria for the diagnosis of psychogenic tremor...

..Such data are the pre-requisite to further develop the currently vague concept of VCI to a clearly defined diagnostic entity...

..Patients with patent foramen ovale and cryptogenic stroke are at risk of recurrence, but there are few data on strategies to prevent this...

..05/mm Hg), and LL paraoxonase genotype (odds ratio, 2. 65) to be significant predictors of WML progression. These data suggest that the LL PON1 genotype at position 54 influences the extent and progression of WMLs in elderly subjects...

..86), HDL cholesterol (odds ratio 0.94/mg/dl) and the paraoxonase LL genotype (odds ratio 2.25) to be significant predictors of CHD. These data suggest that the paraoxonase LL genotype at position 55 may present a risk factor for CHD...

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..The recent genome wide association study by the CHARGE consortium identified a novel locus on chromosome 17q25 harboring several genes such as TRIM65 and TRIM47 which pinpoint to possible novel mechanisms leading to white matter lesions...

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..Cognitive and pathological data are needed to determine the clinical significance of these findings as well as to understand the mechanisms underlying these associations...

..This study suggests that, in daily clinical practice, titration of rivastigmine deviates from the prescribing information. Under routine conditions, the safety profile of the drug is favourable, as is the response to treatment...

..To what extent sex and cerebrovascular risk factors impact these changes is largely unknown. We attempted to study these risk factors in the context of the community-based ASPS...

..The visual assessment of ARWMC progression remains problematic and may require modifications or extensions of existing rating scales...

..BACKGROUND and..

..A modulatory effect of vascular risk factors in the development of primary degenerative dementia may extend treatment options...

..As this could be reflected by differences in the severity of tissue damage MRI was used to obtain further support for a disease modifying effect of the apoE genotype...

..These data suggest that the angiotensinogen T/T genotype at position 235 is a genetic marker for brain lesions from and progression of small vessel disease but not for extracranial carotid atherosclerosis...

..Lately, this concept is tested by several studies on the efficacy of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in vascular dementia...

..To determine the rate, clinical predictors, and cognitive consequences of MRI white matter hyperintensity evolution over 3 years...

..The risk factors of such brain abnormalities are not fully determined. The goal of this study was to determine whether the genetic heterogeneity of apolipoprotein E (apoE) contributes to the occurrence of MARCD...

..05/10 mg/dL), and cardiac disease (OR, 1.80). These data suggest that the beta-fibrinogen promoter T/T148 genotype represents a genetic risk factor for carotid atherosclerosis in the middle-aged to elderly...

..Our findings confirm a higher prevalence of MRI lesions in a mixed group of migraineurs than in headache free individuals. Signal abnormalities are most often non-specific, however their occurrence relates to the type of migraine...

..Early confluent and confluent hyperintensities, however, indicate more extensive ischemic damage consistent with advanced microangiopathy...

..Associations may depend on the method used for measuring WMH. We investigated the ability of different WMH scoring methods to detect differences in WMH load between groups with and without symptoms...

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..In a prospective study, we determined whether circulating markers of endothelial activation predicted progression of WMH...

..No disease-modifying strategy can presently be offered to patients; however, given the pace of recent research there is optimism that slowing progression of Alzheimer's disease will soon be possible...

..The findings are consistent with findings from lesion and functional neuroimaging studies...

..To determine whether leukoaraiosis severity is independently associated with differences in global functioning in nondisabled elderly patients...

..We investigated regional differences in MRI characteristics and risk factor profiles of incident lacunes over a 3-year period...

..We investigated the independent contribution of WMH and lacunes to general cognitive function in a group of independently living elderly with varying degrees of small vessel disease...

..We aimed at determining the influence of ARWMC on different objective measures of gait and balance...

..However, the most suitable method for measuring WMH progression has not been established yet. We compared the reliability and sensitivity of cross-sectional and longitudinal visual scales with volumetry for measuring WMH progression...

..We aimed to compare 6 widely used rating scales for leukoaraiosis and to calculate conversion coefficients of the score of 1 scale in the score of a second scale...

..We studied the natural course of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) and lacunes, the main MRI representatives of small vessel disease, over time and evaluated possible predictors for their development...

..The objective of this study was to compare the results of the two scales among subjects with various degrees of white matter hyperintensities (WMHs)...

..Previous research has indicated that corpus callosum atrophy is associated with global cognitive decline in neurodegenerative diseases, but few studies have investigated specific cognitive functions...

..The purposes of our study were to operationalize the radiological part of the NINDS-AIREN criteria and to assess the effect of this operationalization on interobserver agreement...

..However, OAC is still underused, even at discharge from neurological centers. The objective of this study was to identify the reasons underlying the prescription of OAC at discharge after an ischemic stroke in patients with NVAF...

..The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of exogenous surfactant administration on surfactant properties in a model of single lung transplantation...

..The aim of the Stroke and Atrial Fibrillation Ensemble (SAFE) II study was to identify the reasons underlying the under-utilization of oral anticoagulation (OAC) in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF)...

..Successful treatment of hypertension may reduce this risk; however, a potential negative effect of decreasing diastolic blood pressure level on the occurrence of severe periventricular white matter lesions should be taken into account...

..Expert knowledge not available to the neural networks was a minor source of discrepancy, while variation in MR scan quality constituted the largest source of error...

..So far, longitudinal measurements of surfactant function in CF patients are lacking and it remains unclear how these alterations relate to the progression of airway inflammation as well as decline in pulmonary function over time...