Research Topics
| Anushka PatelSummaryAffiliation: The George Institute for International Health Country: Australia Publications
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Detail Information
Publications
Plasma lipids predict myocardial infarction, but not stroke, in patients with established cerebrovascular diseaseAnushka Patel
The George Institute for International Health, University of Sydney, PO Box M201, Missenden Road, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
Eur Heart J 26:1910-5. 2005..To evaluate the role of plasma lipids in recurrent vascular events, including stroke, among individuals with established cerebrovascular disease...- Serum lipid levels and the prevalence of dyslipidaemia among rural and urban Thai adults--are the NCEP III guidelines appropriate?Anushka Patel
George Institute for International Health, University of Sydney, Australia
J Med Assoc Thai 88:1242-50. 2005..Urgent strategies are required to prevent increasing levels of dyslipidaemia in Thailand, as well as to develop and promulgate treatment guidelines that incorporate locally-relevant risk prediction functions... - Is a single definition of the metabolic syndrome appropriate?--A comparative study of the USA and AsiaA Patel
The George Institute for International Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
Atherosclerosis 184:225-32. 2006..The NCEP-ATPIII definition identifies a heterogeneous group of individuals with the metabolic syndrome in different populations... - Serum triglycerides as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases in the Asia-Pacific regionA Patel
Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration Secretariat, The George Institute for International Health, University of Sydney, PO Box M201, Missenden Rd, Camperdown, Sydney NSW 2050, Australia
Circulation 110:2678-86. 2004..The importance of serum triglyceride levels as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases is uncertain... 
Combined effects of routine blood pressure lowering and intensive glucose control on macrovascular and microvascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: New results from the ADVANCE trialSophia Zoungas
The George Institute for International Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Diabetes Care 32:2068-74. 2009..To assess the magnitude and independence of the effects of routine blood pressure lowering and intensive glucose control on clinical outcomes in patients with long-standing type 2 diabetes...- Lowering blood pressure reduces renal events in type 2 diabetesBastiaan E De Galan
George Institute for International Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
J Am Soc Nephrol 20:883-92. 2009..We could not identify a BP threshold below which renal benefit is lost... - Efficacy and safety of routine blood pressure lowering in older patients with diabetes: results from the ADVANCE trialToshiharu Ninomiya
The George Institute for International Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
J Hypertens 28:1141-9. 2010.... - New insights from ADVANCEJohn Chalmers
The George Institute for International Health, University of Sydney and The Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
J Hypertens Suppl 25:S23-30. 2007..5% or less reduces these two outcomes compared with standard guidelines therapy; and finally whether the separate benefits of these two treatment regimens are additive... - New insights from ADVANCEJohn Chalmers
The George Institute for International Health, University of Sydney and The Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
J Hypertens Suppl 25:S23-30. 2007.... 
Smoking, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases in men in the Asia Pacific regionAndre Pascal Kengne
The George Institute for International Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
J Diabetes 1:173-81. 2009..To assess whether there is a statistical interaction between smoking and diabetes that is related to the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in men in the Asia Pacific region...- Severe hypoglycemia and risks of vascular events and deathSophia Zoungas
George Institute for International Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
N Engl J Med 363:1410-8. 2010..We analyzed data from a large study of intensive glucose lowering to explore the relationship between severe hypoglycemia and adverse clinical outcomes... - Efficacy and safety of fixed combination of perindopril and indapamide in type 2 diabetes: results from ADVANCE in context of available evidenceJohn Chalmers
The George Institute for International Health, The University of Sydney and The Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
J Hypertens 26:S23-30. 2008..The results suggest that for every 79 patients treated in this manner, one death would be avoided over 5 years... - Contemporary model for cardiovascular risk prediction in people with type 2 diabetesAndre Pascal Kengne
The George Institute for International Health, The University of Sydney, Australia
Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 18:393-8. 2011..This report presents a contemporary model for predicting cardiovascular risk in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus... - ADVANCE: lessons from the run-in phase of a large study in type 2 diabetesVlado Perkovic
The George Institute for International Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
Blood Press 15:340-6. 2006..Good tolerability and safety of the study drug was confirmed during the active run-in phase of the ADVANCE study... - Efficacy and safety of fixed combination of perindopril and indapamide in type 2 diabetes: results from ADVANCE in context of available evidenceJohn Chalmers
The George Institute for International Health, The University of Sydney and The Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
J Hypertens Suppl 26:S21-7. 2008.... - Prediction of kidney-related outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetesMeg J Jardine
The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, Australia Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, Australia Electronic address
Am J Kidney Dis 60:770-8. 2012..Tools are needed to predict which individuals with diabetes will develop kidney disease and its complications... - Effects of a fixed combination of perindopril and indapamide on macrovascular and microvascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the ADVANCE trial): a randomised controlled trialAnushka Patel
Cardiovascular Division, The George Institute for International Health, University of Sydney, PO Box M201, Missenden Road, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
Lancet 370:829-40. 2007.... - Risks of cardiovascular events and effects of routine blood pressure lowering among patients with type 2 diabetes and atrial fibrillation: results of the ADVANCE studyXin Du
The George Institute for International Health, University of Sydney, Level 10, King George V Building, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, PO Box M201, Missenden Road, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
Eur Heart J 30:1128-35. 2009.... - Does glycemic control offer similar benefits among patients with diabetes in different regions of the world? Results from the ADVANCE trialMark Woodward
The George Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
Diabetes Care 34:2491-5. 2011..We examined whether the effects of intensive glycemic control on major outcomes in ADVANCE differ between participants from Asia, established market economies (EMEs), and eastern Europe... - Gender disparities in the assessment and management of cardiovascular risk in primary care: the AusHEART studyFiona Turnbull
The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 18:498-503. 2011.... - The effects of blood pressure reduction and of different blood pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events according to baseline blood pressure: meta-analysis of randomized trialsSebastien Czernichow
The George Institute, Sydney, Australia
J Hypertens 29:4-16. 2011..The objective was to compare the risk reductions achieved by different blood pressure-lowering regimens among individuals with different baseline blood pressures... - Advances in reducing the burden of vascular disease in type 2 diabetesJohn Chalmers
The George Institute for International Health, The University of Sydney and The Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 35:434-7. 2008.... - Systematic review: sodium bicarbonate treatment regimens for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathySophia Zoungas
University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
Ann Intern Med 151:631-8. 2009..Intravenous sodium bicarbonate has been proposed to reduce the risk for contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN)... - ADVANCE: breaking new ground in type 2 diabetesJohn Chalmers
The George Institute for International Health, The University of Sydney and The Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
J Hypertens Suppl 24:S22-8. 2006..Post-randomization study treatments have been well tolerated, and the completion of follow-up is scheduled in 2007... - Does sex matter in the associations between classic risk factors and fatal coronary heart disease in populations from the Asia-Pacific region?Rachel Huxley
The George Institute for International Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
J Womens Health (Larchmt) 14:820-8. 2005..Previous comparative studies have generally had insufficient numbers of women to quantify such differences reliably... - Trials of cardiovascular risk factor management in type 2 diabetesAnushka Patel
George Institute for International Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Curr Opin Cardiol 24:288-94. 2009..To provide an overview of recent clinical trial findings relevant to cardiovascular risk management in patients with diabetes... - Cardiovascular risk management at a Maori-led Primary Health Organisation--findings from a cross-sectional auditDavid Peiris
The George Institute for International Health, PO Box M201 Missenden Rd NSW 2050, Sydney, Australia
N Z Med J 121:35-46. 2008..To examine the cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk profile and management for the first 12 months of an electronic risk assessment program at Tamaki Healthcare, Auckland... - Evidence-based medication use among Chinese patients with acute coronary syndromes at the time of hospital discharge and 1 year after hospitalization: results from the Clinical Pathways for Acute Coronary Syndromes in China (CPACS) studyYufang Bi
The George Institute for International Health, Sydney, Australia
Am Heart J 157:509-516.e1. 2009..Although there is strong evidence for the use of antiplatelet, blood pressure-lowering, and lipid-lowering therapy in patients with acute coronary syndromes, the extent to which these medications are used in China remains uncertain... - The relationship between proteinuria and coronary risk: a systematic review and meta-analysisVlado Perkovic
The George Institute for International Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
PLoS Med 5:e207. 2008..We therefore undertook a systematic review of published cohort studies aiming to provide a reliable estimate of the strength of association between proteinuria and coronary heart disease... - Disparities between prescribing of secondary prevention therapies for stroke and coronary artery disease in general practiceEmma Heeley
The George Institute for Global Health, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, AustraliaServier Laboratories Australia Pty Ltd, Hawthorn, Vic, Australia
Int J Stroke 7:649-54. 2012..This appears to be related to differential perceptions of cardiovascular risk across different vascular territories in both patients and doctors... - Global randomized trials: the promise of India and ChinaVlado Perkovic
The George Institute for Global Health, PO Box M201, Missenden Road, Sydney 2050, Australia
J Bone Joint Surg Am 94:92-6. 2012..Challenges in both countries are substantial but are able to be managed with appropriate planning... - Clinical pathways for acute coronary syndromes in China: protocol for a hospital quality improvement initiativeYe Rong
George Institute For Global Health, The University of Sydney, Missenden Road, Sydney, Australia
Crit Pathw Cardiol 9:134-9. 2010.... - Effects of fibrates on cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysisMin Jun
The George Institute for International Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
Lancet 375:1875-84. 2010..Several clinical trials have reported inconsistent findings for the effect of fibrates on cardiovascular risk. We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the effects of fibrates on major clinical outcomes... - Comparison of near-patient capillary glucose measurement and a risk assessment questionnaire in screening for type 2 diabetes in a high-risk population in rural IndiaGeorgia E Ritchie
The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Diabetes Care 34:44-9. 2011..To assess the utility of a point-of-care (POC) capillary blood glucose measurement as compared with routine clinical parameters in predicting undiagnosed diabetes in a low-resource rural India setting... - Effects of fibrates in kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysisMin Jun
George Institute For Global Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
J Am Coll Cardiol 60:2061-71. 2012..The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the efficacy and safety of fibrate therapy in the chronic kidney disease (CKD) population... - Associations of inflammatory and hemostatic variables with the risk of recurrent strokeMark Woodward
George Institute for International Health, University of Sydney, Australia
Stroke 36:2143-7. 2005..CONCLUSIONS: Fibrinogen and CRP are risk predictors for ischemic but not hemorrhagic stroke, independent of potential confounders... - Cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes: the impact of preventative therapiesSophia Zoungas
Diabetes Research Program, Cardiovascular Division, The George Institute for International Health, University of Sydney, Missenden Road, NSW 2050, Australia
Ann N Y Acad Sci 1212:29-40. 2010..The role of antiplatelet agents remains unknown, as adequately powered trials of aspirin for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes have not yet been completed... - Socio-economic distribution of cardiovascular risk factors and knowledge in rural IndiaM Justin Zaman
Cardiovascular Division, The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
Int J Epidemiol 41:1302-14. 2012..To investigate the prevalence, screening and knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) by socio-economic position (SEP) in rural India... - Effects of blood pressure lowering on cardiovascular outcomes in different cardiovascular risk groups among participants with type 2 diabetesSusan van Dieren
The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Diabetes Res Clin Pract 98:83-90. 2012..To asses differences in treatment effects of a fixed combination of perindopril-indapamide on major clinical outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes across subgroups of cardiovascular risk... - New tools for an old trade: a socio-technical appraisal of how electronic decision support is used by primary care practitionersDavid Peiris
The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Sociol Health Illn 33:1002-18. 2011..While EDS tools show promise in improving health practitioner performance, the socio-technical dimensions of their implementation warrant careful consideration... - A randomised trial of the effects of an additional communication strategy on recruitment into a large-scale, multi-centre trialHelen Monaghan
The George Institute for International Health, University of Sydney, PO Box M201, Missenden Road, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
Contemp Clin Trials 28:1-5. 2007..4 months vs. 5.8 months, p=0.08). The findings suggest that the additional communication strategy may be of some incremental benefit in helping sites achieve recruitment targets sooner... - What determines adherence to treatment in cardiovascular disease prevention? Protocol for a mixed methods preference studyStephen Jan
George Institute For Global Health, Camperdown, Australia
BMJ Open 1:e000372. 2011..In addition to usual scientific forums, the findings will be reported back to the communities involved in the studies through site-specific reports and oral presentations... - Albuminuria and kidney function independently predict cardiovascular and renal outcomes in diabetesToshiharu Ninomiya
George Institute for International Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
J Am Soc Nephrol 20:1813-21. 2009..In conclusion, high albuminuria and low eGFR are independent risk factors for cardiovascular and renal events among patients with type 2 diabetes... - Elevated total cholesterol: its prevalence and population attributable fraction for mortality from coronary heart disease and ischaemic stroke in the Asia-Pacific regionMark Woodward
The George Institute for International Health, University of Sydney, Australia
Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 15:397-401. 2008..About half of the world's cases of cardiovascular disease occur in the Asia-Pacific region. The contribution of serum total cholesterol (TC) to this burden is poorly quantified... - Prevention of cardiovascular disease in a rural region of India and strategies to address the unmet needAnna Wood
The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, Australia
Heart 97:1373-8. 2011..To determine levels of cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention and to model the potential impact of improved prevention strategies for a large rural Indian region... - Rationale and design of the Kanyini guidelines adherence with the polypill (Kanyini-GAP) study: a randomised controlled trial of a polypill-based strategy amongst indigenous and non indigenous people at high cardiovascular riskHueiming Liu
The George Institute for International Health, PO Box M201, Missenden Road, NSW 2050, Australia
BMC Public Health 10:458. 2010.... - Smoking, quitting, and the risk of cardiovascular disease among women and men in the Asia-Pacific regionM Woodward
The George Institute for International Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
Int J Epidemiol 34:1036-45. 2005..Accepted 21 April 2005.. - A comparison of lipid variables as predictors of cardiovascular disease in the Asia Pacific regionF Barzi
The George Institute for International Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
Ann Epidemiol 15:405-13. 2005..This analysis is a comparison of lipid variables as predictors of cardiovascular disease... - Opinions of community pharmacists on the value of a cardiovascular polypill as a means of improving medication complianceKharis Burns
The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
Int J Pharm Pract 20:155-63. 2012..The objective was to identify the main perceived barriers to compliance and to investigate pharmacists' opinions regarding the routine use of a cardiovascular polypill... - Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial: the feasibility and impact of cardiovascular absolute risk assessment in Australian general practiceQing Wan
Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
Am Heart J 157:436-41. 2009..This study aims to investigate both the feasibility of using this model and the impact of CVAR assessment and management on general practice clinical processes and patient care... 
How important is diabetes as a risk factor for cardiovascular and other diseases in older adults?Andre Pascal Kengne
The George Institute for International Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
PLoS Med 3:e424. 2006- Event rates, hospital utilization, and costs associated with major complications of diabetes: a multicountry comparative analysisPhilip M Clarke
School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
PLoS Med 7:e1000236. 2010..Our objective was to estimate and compare event rates, hospital utilization, and costs associated with major diabetes-related complications in high-, middle-, and low-income countries... - Diabetes and vascular disease: a new international trialAnushka Patel
International Coordinating Centre for ADVANCE, Institute for International Health, University of Sydney, PO Box 576, Newtown, New South Wales 2042, Australia
Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 11:180-4. 2003..This study is the first large-scale randomized trial in diabetes to include participants from both lower- and higher-income regions of the world... - The role of the 12-lead ECG as a screening test for cardiac source of embolusClara Kayei Chow
Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Missenden Road, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
Heart Lung Circ 14:242-4. 2005..We sort to investigate whether 12-lead ECG might be useful in screening patients to obviate the need for TTE, in a subset of patients referred for echocardiographic investigation of cardiac source of embolus... - The Framingham and UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) risk equations do not reliably estimate the probability of cardiovascular events in a large ethnically diverse sample of patients with diabetes: the Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: PreteraxA P Kengne
The George Institute for International Health, University of Sydney, PO Box M201, Level 10 KGV Building, RPAH, Missenden Road, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
Diabetologia 53:821-31. 2010.... - Blood pressure lowering in diabetes: a brief review of the current evidence and description of a new trialA Patel
Institute for International Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 28:1108-11. 2001..These include a prospective meta-analysis of blood pressure-lowering trials with large numbers of patients with diabetes. A new large-scale randomised trial, ADVANCE (Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease), is also described... - ADVANCE: action in diabetes and vascular diseaseA Patel
The George Institute for International Health, The University of Sydney, The Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
J Hum Hypertens 19:S27-32. 2005..5% and a fasting blood glucose of 6.0 mmol/l. Finally, the factorial design will enable investigation of the combined effects of more intensive glucose control and tighter control of blood pressure... - Intensive blood pressure reduction in acute cerebral haemorrhage trial (INTERACT): a randomised pilot trialCraig S Anderson
The George Institute for International Health, The University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
Lancet Neurol 7:391-9. 2008..Our aim was to assess the safety and efficiency of this treatment, as a run-in phase to a larger trial... - Raised troponin T and echocardiographic abnormalities after prolonged strenuous exercise--the Australian Ironman TriathlonL Tulloh
North Sydney Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Centre, Sydney, Australia
Br J Sports Med 40:605-9. 2006..There is concern about whether cardiac damage occurs as a result of prolonged strenuous exercise... - The discrimination of dyslipidaemia using anthropometric measures in ethnically diverse populations of the Asia-Pacific Region: the Obesity in Asia CollaborationF Barzi
The George Institute for International Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
Obes Rev 11:127-36. 2010..WHR cut-points of 0.8 for women and 0.9 for men are optimal for discriminating those individuals likely to have adverse lipid profiles and in need of further clinical assessment... - Prediction of myocardial infarction by N-terminal-pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, C-reactive protein, and renin in subjects with cerebrovascular diseaseDuncan J Campbell
St Vincent s Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St Vincent s Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
Circulation 112:110-6. 2005..B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and renin are elevated in persons at risk for cardiovascular disease. However, data that directly compare these markers in the prediction of myocardial infarction (MI) are limited... - Soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide in predicting ischemic stroke in patients with cerebrovascular diseaseDuncan J Campbell
St Vincent s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
Arch Neurol 63:60-5. 2006..Patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack are at high risk of another stroke, and there is need for improved strategies to predict recurrent stroke... - Body mass index and risk of diabetes mellitus in the Asia-Pacific regionCliona Ni Mhurchu
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 15:127-33. 2006..The results indicate considerable potential for reduction in incidence of diabetes with population-wide lowering of body mass index in this region... - Low-density lipoprotein particles and risk of intracerebral haemorrhage in subjects with cerebrovascular diseaseDuncan J Campbell
St Vincent s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 14:413-8. 2007..Only limited data are available for risk factors for intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) in subjects with established cerebrovascular disease... - Prediction of heart failure by amino terminal-pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and C-reactive protein in subjects with cerebrovascular diseaseDuncan J Campbell
St Vincent s Institute of Medical Research, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
Hypertension 45:69-74. 2005..Moreover, NT-proBNP and CRP may be markers of mechanisms of CHF pathogenesis distinct from those responsive to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-based therapy... - Perindopril-based blood pressure-lowering therapy reduces amino-terminal-pro-B-type natriuretic peptide in individuals with cerebrovascular diseaseDuncan J Campbell
St Vincent s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
J Hypertens 25:699-705. 2007..Active treatment reduced cardiovascular events, and we therefore investigated whether active treatment modified NT-proBNP and other cardiovascular risk factors... - Acupuncture for blood pressure lowering: needling the truthFiona Turnbull
Circulation 115:3048-9. 2007 - Retinal vascular lesions in patients of Caucasian and Asian origin with type 2 diabetes: baseline results from the ADVANCE Retinal Measurements (AdRem) studyRonald P Stolk
Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, P O Box 30 001, 9700RB Groningen, The Netherlands
Diabetes Care 31:708-13. 2008.... - Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetesAnushka Patel
N Engl J Med 358:2560-72. 2008..5% yielded a 10% relative reduction in the combined outcome of major macrovascular and microvascular events, primarily as a consequence of a 21% relative reduction in nephropathy. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00145925.).. - Associations between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and both stroke and coronary heart disease in the Asia Pacific regionMark Woodward
Eur Heart J 28:2653-60. 2007..The inverse relationship between high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and coronary heart disease (CHD) is well established. Questions remain about the association between HDL cholesterol and stroke, particularly for stroke subtypes...