Manny Noakes

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..Limited evidence suggests that a higher ratio of protein to carbohydrate during weight loss has metabolic advantages...

..Dietary compliance and convenience were viewed more favorably by participants who consumed meal replacements than by those in a conventional weight-loss program...

..This review summarizes recent evidence on short-term metabolic effects and long-term adherence...

..Studies comparing ad libitun high protein diets to high carbohydrate diets have usually shown greater weight loss on the high protein pattern and that enhanced satiety was the most important factor in the weight loss...

..17). CONCLUSIONS An energy-restricted HP diet combined with RT achieved greater weight loss and more favorable changes in body composition. All treatments had similar improvements in glycemic control and CVD risk markers...

..Long-term weight loss and cardiometabolic effects of a very-low-carbohydrate, high-saturated-fat diet (LC) and a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet (LF) have not been evaluated under isocaloric conditions...

..After 1 year there remained a clinically significant weight loss and improvement in cardiovascular risk factors with no adverse effects of a high monounsaturated fat diet...

..Evidence that high-protein diets are an effective strategy for the maintenance of long-term weight loss is limited...

..This suggests that the long-term consumption of an LC diet may increase the risk of development of gastrointestinal disorders...

..Elevated tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production in adipose tissue has been associated with obesity. We investigated whether mononuclear cell production of TNF-alpha decreased with weight loss in an obese population...

..The effects of a very-low-carbohydrate, high-saturated-fat weight-loss diet (LC) on brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) and markers of endothelial function are unknown...

..In overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the benefits of the addition of exercise to an energy-restricted diet in further improving cardiometabolic risk factors and reproductive function has not been extensively studied...

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..5 ng/mL; P=0.001) and PUFA (96+/-36.4 ng/mL; P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: High SFA caused deterioration in FMD compared with high PUFA, MUFA, or CARB diets. Inflammatory responses may also be increased on this diet...

..05). Altering the macronutrient composition of a snack bar can assist in reducing the energy intake at a subsequent meal and improve short term glucose and insulin profiles...

..Lowering the glycemic index of high carbohydrate, low fat diets increases the fall in LDL cholesterol in subjects with type 2 diabetes with low glucose tolerance, but has little effect on glycemic control...

..Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a common condition in women, improves with weight loss. Meal replacements in short-term weight loss and strategies for weight maintenance have not been investigated in PCOS...

..To assess the impact of adding exercise to dietary restriction on depressive symptoms and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)...

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..These results suggest that a high-protein energy-restricted diet high in cholesterol from eggs improved glycaemic and lipid profiles, blood pressure and apo-B in individuals with type 2 diabetes...

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..The results suggest that the effect of the HP weight loss diet on DNA damage measured using the CBMN-Cyt assay in PBLs was not different from that observed for the HC weight loss diet...

..We summarize the dietary modifications that optimize fertility treatment outcomes...

..Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common condition associated with obesity and with reproductive and metabolic dysfunction. Abnormalities in appetite regulation in PCOS patients may contribute to difficulties in weight management...

..However, these quantitative targets should be accompanied with qualitative advice on how they could be met in a variety of circumstances...

..76; P < 0.001). In conclusion, fecal butyrate levels vary widely among individuals but consuming a diet high in RS usually increases levels and may help maintain colorectal health...

..Dietary proteins appear to be more satiating than carbohydrate. The mechanism and effect of protein and carbohydrate type are unclear...

..Large postprandial glucose peaks are associated with increased risk of diabetic complications and cardiovascular disease...

..The AA variant at position -308 in the promoter region of the TNFalpha gene does not influence the amount of weight lost in overweight and obese men and women on a 30% energy restricted diet...

..The objective of the present study was to elucidate the separate effects of energy restriction and weight loss on blood pressure (BP) and to assess the relationship between sodium intake, weight loss, and BP...

..To determine the effects of weight loss on heart rate recovery (HRR) in overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)...

..Modifying dietary carbohydrate or protein in weight loss provided similar improvements in arterial compliance and postprandial lipidemia...

..Imp-SF and Tanita demonstrated little bias and may be useful for group comparisons, but their utility for assessment of body composition in individuals is limited...

..Obesity is associated with major changes in the circulating IGF system. However, it is not clear to what extent the IGF system is normalized following diet, and the possible role of different types of diet is also unknown...

..To compare estimations of body composition using two different methods of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) with dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for estimating body composition during weight loss in overweight and obese young females...

..Low-carbohydrate diets are often used to promote weight loss, but their effects on psychological function are largely unknown...

..5 ± 3.5 cm) group had reductions in waist circumference (P < 0.001) with no differences between the two groups (P = 0.215). The overall pregnancy rate was 53% (20/38) for the intervention and control group combined...

..We sought to determine the effects of weight loss on HRR and its association with traditional CVD risk markers...

..Combined with reduced urinary calcium excretion, this suggests that a high-protein, calcium-replete diet may protect against bone loss during weight reduction...

..Further studies are required to determine the interaction of LC diets with regular exercise training and the long-term health effects...

..This study was designed to compare the effects of an energy-reduced, isocaloric very-low-carbohydrate, high-fat (VLCHF) diet and a high-carbohydrate, low-fat (HCLF) diet on weight loss and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk outcomes...

..The potential genetic contributors to PCOS are unclear. We tested the hypothesis that genomic instability (chromosome malsegregation and DNA damage) is increased in PCOS...

..However, the greater reductions in total and abdominal fat mass in women and greater LDL cholesterol reduction observed in both sexes on the HP diet suggest that it is a valid diet choice for reducing CVD risk in type 2 diabetes...

..We conclude that this FFQ can capture similar information as WFR and may be used for estimation of dietary intakes over a relatively short time in clinical intervention trials...

..56, p = 0.01, respectively). These results suggest that weight loss by caloric-restricted diets may contribute to the prevention of telomere shortening and DNA base damage, which are important initiating events in carcinogenesis...

..Whole-grain cereal foods including rye have been identified as providing significant health benefits that do not occur when refined-cereal foods are ingested...

..Consumption of either chocolate reduced the production of free radicals in fecal water. This suggests that some component of the chocolate other than the flavanols and related procyanidins may have been effective...

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..However, the literature on effective diet and exercise programmes for PCOS has been sparse, and structured advice for implementing components of lifestyle modification programmes should be assessed in this population...

..A low-calorie diet in a group of overweight or obese patients for a short period before and during IVF results in variable tolerance to the dietary regime and an unsatisfactory IVF outcome...

..It is currently unclear whether altering the carbohydrate-to-protein ratio of low-fat, energy-restricted diets augments weight loss and cardiometabolic risk markers...

..Plant-sterol-enriched spreads lower LDL cholesterol but may also lower lipid-standardized carotenoids...

..Increasing dietary protein relative to carbohydrate and fat enhances weight loss, at least in part by increasing satiety. The mechanism for this is unclear...

..Although dietary protein produces higher acute satiety relative to carbohydrate, the influence of protein source and body mass index (BMI) has not been clearly described...

..Very low-carbohydrate (LC) diets are often used to promote weight loss, but the long-term effects on psychological function remain unknown...

..66, 0.66, respectively). We conclude that TFAs in adipose tissue are associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease and rapidly disappear from adipose tissue when not included in margarines...

..05). In conclusion, weight, total fat mass, and regional fat mass loss did not differ in the 2 groups of women but there was an apparent preservation of lean mass in premenopausal women consuming HIMO...

..Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with reproductive and metabolic abnormalities. It is unknown whether overweight women with and without PCOS achieve similar benefits from weight loss for cardiovascular risk factors...

..6-3.2 g/day phytosterols. Lowering of plasma carotenoids was greater than that seen with lower phytosterol intake and was partially reversed by increased fruit and vegetable intake...

..This study provides preliminary evidence that long-term weight loss with a very-low-carbohydrate diet does not adversely affect renal function compared with a high-carbohydrate diet in obese individuals with normal renal function...

..Despite its popularity, the impact of TWD on weight status, weight loss and food choices of Australians was unknown...

..1 (8.2, 10.0) micromol/l at baseline to 6.8 (6.2, 7.5) micromol/l after 16 weeks. In conclusion, moderate dietary intake of ALF can increase red-cell folate and decrease plasma homocyst(e)ine substantially...

..Dietary intervention to lower serum LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) is effective, yet underutilised in general practice...

..Similarly, the optimal exercise regime for PCOS women remains to be investigated...

..To evaluate the effect of consuming a variety of foods enriched in long-chain n-3 fatty acids in low fish eaters...

..Sustainable increases in dietary intakes and erythrocyte levels of n-3 long-chain PUFA can be achieved through regular consumption of suitably enriched processed foods. Such increases may be associated with reduced CV risk...

..Due to enhanced feelings of well-being, it is possible that HPLC diets may be associated with better compliance and hence be more successful in the long term treatment of obesity...

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..CONCLUSION: Replacing carbohydrate with protein from meat, poultry, and dairy foods has beneficial metabolic effects and no adverse effects on markers of bone turnover or calcium excretion...

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