Nicholas M Anstey

..Wet-season throat carriage of A. baumannii was found in 10% of community residents with excess levels of alcohol consumption, the major at-risk group for CAAP...

..The mechanisms underlying lung injury in vivax malaria are not well understood. Inflammatory responses to Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax, to our knowledge, have not previously been compared at an organ level...

..In this review, we discuss potential mechanisms underlying the syndromes of uncomplicated and severe vivax malaria, identifying key areas for future research...

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..72) in those with SM. ADMA is increased in SM and associated with decreased vascular and pulmonary NO bioavailability. Inhibition of NOS by ADMA may contribute to increased mortality in severe malaria...

..Persistent impairment long after clearance of parasitized RBCs suggests prolonged posttreatment inflammatory alveolar-capillary injury...

..L-Arginine infusion improves endothelial function in moderately severe malaria. Neither the longitudinal course of endothelial dysfunction nor factors associated with recovery have been characterized in severe malaria...

..Agents that improve endothelial NO, reduce WPB exocytosis, and/or antagonize Ang-2 may have therapeutic roles in SM...

..We examined the relationship of plasma hemoglobin and myoglobin to endothelial dysfunction and disease severity in malaria...

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..In cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, we measured MSP5 antibody responses in Papuans with acute Plasmodium falciparum malaria, Plasmodium vivax malaria, and mixed P. falciparum and P. vivax malaria and in those with past exposure...

..Dendritic cells (DCs) are highly specialized antigen-presenting cells that are crucial for initiation of immune responses. During naturally acquired malaria, DC number and function is reduced...

..falciparum and P. vivax highlights a promising role for FQ as a lead antimalarial against CQ-resistant Plasmodium and a useful partner drug for artemisinin-based combination therapy...

..The aims of this study were to describe the epidemiology of melioidosis in tropical northern Australia and to assess the importance of defined risk factors...

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..P. vivax induces greater endothelial Weibel-Palade body release and activation and greater host inflammatory responses, compared with Plasmodium falciparum...

..falciparum GPIs is skewed toward the short-lived IgG(3) subclass, a vaccination strategy with GPI analogues would likely require augmentation by costimulatory molecules, to induce a more persistent anti-GPI response...

..These results suggest that NO is unlikely to mediate killing of blood stage parasites in this setting and is unlikely to be the primary mediator in the acquisition or maintenance of malarial tolerance...

..Neither the IL-12 level nor NOS activity was associated with either of two IL12B polymorphisms, reflecting the diversity of genetic control over immune responses in different populations...

..vivax. The high activity against drug-resistant strains of both Plasmodium species confirms these compounds to be promising candidates for future artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) regimens in regions of coendemicity...

..It is not known whether natural exposure to Plasmodium falciparum stimulates HGXPRT T cell reactivity in humans...

..We assessed clinical symptoms, hemodynamic status and biochemical parameters before and after a single L-arginine infusion in adults with moderately severe malaria...

..This study illustrates how mortality can be minimised using a process of determining local CAP etiology, developing treatment guidelines and auditing patient management...

..Neither the G-954C nor the C-1173T polymorphisms were identified in this population, indicating the variability and complexity of selection for NOS2 promoter polymorphisms in different malaria-endemic populations...

..Analyses of the cost-effectiveness of ACTs for both Plasmodium species are needed to assess the role of these drugs in the control and elimination of vivax malaria...

..Nitric oxide (NO) inhibits WPB exocytosis, and bioavailability of endothelial NO is decreased in sepsis. We hypothesized that endothelial NO bioavailability would be inversely correlated with ang-2 concentrations in sepsis...

..0001). IDO-mediated tryptophan catabolism is associated with dysregulated immune responses and impaired microvascular reactivity in sepsis and may link these two fundamental processes in sepsis pathophysiology...

..However, host microvascular function (defined as the capacity to increase oxygen delivery in response to ischemia) and oxygen consumption have not been assessed...

..Anaemia can be averted by early and effective anti-malarial treatment...

..We aimed to measure TB-HIV co-infection rates, examine longitudinal trends, compare management with World Health Organisation (WHO) recommendations, and document progress and outcome...

..Multidrug resistance has emerged to both Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum and yet the comparative epidemiology of these infections is poorly defined...

..Clinical trials in SM of adjunctive agents to improve endothelial NO bioavailability, including l-arginine, are warranted...

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..The use of meropenem may be associated with improved outcomes in patients with severe sepsis associated with melioidosis...

..and defining drug interaction with common antimalarial compounds are warranted to investigate the role of HDAC inhibitors in antimalarial therapy...

..To examine the performance in tropical northern Australia of SMART-COP, a simple scoring system developed in temperate Australia to predict the need for intensive respiratory or vasopressor support (IRVS) in pneumonia patients...

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..vivax infection. We review the evidence for severe disease and the spread of drug-resistant P. vivax and speculate how these maybe related...

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..knowlesi. More sensitive RDTs are needed in regions of P. knowlesi endemicity...

..Plasma concentrations of L-arginine are decreased after trauma or surgery but have been variably reported to be normal or decreased in patients with sepsis...

..P. knowlesi is the most common cause of childhood malaria in Kudat. Although infection is generally uncomplicated, anemia is common and thrombocytopenia universal. Transmission dynamics in this region require additional investigation...

..NO production was associated with and may contribute to malaria tolerance in Papuan adults...

..The aim of this study was to generate and validate a numerical score for grading chest x-ray (CXR) severity and predicting response to treatment in adults with smear-positive pulmonary TB...

..Details of the rationale, evidence base, and proposed investigations and therapy for such patients are discussed...

..We review the recent advances in P. vivax chemotherapy that may influence the future management of this neglected pathogen...

..To investigate the effect of early administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) on hospital mortality in nonneutropenic patients with septic shock, excluding patients with melioidosis...

..Without these, vivax malaria will continue to be neglected by ministries of health, policy makers, researchers, and funding bodies...

..vivax infections has reached high levels in the eastern provinces of Indonesia, however, in vitro characterization of chloroquine resistance and its associated molecular profile have yet to be determined...

..abstract:..

..falciparum is associated with a similar risk of severe anaemia. Mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of severe vivax syndromes remain incompletely understood...

..The simian parasite Plasmodium knowlesi is a common cause of human malaria in Malaysian Borneo, with a particularly high incidence in Kudat, Sabah. Little is known however about the epidemiology in this substantially deforested region...

..Admission levels of CRP are not a sensitive marker for the presence of melioidosis and a normal level cannot be used to exclude acute, chronic, or relapsed melioidosis in febrile patients in or from endemic regions...

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..vivax to a greater extent than strategies focused on treatment of symptomatic patients. An efficacious hypnozoitocidal agent with a short curative treatment course would be particularly useful in mass drug administration campaigns...

..Our case highlights the potential severity of flavivirus-induced encephalitis and the importance of avoiding mosquito bites while travelling through endemic areas...

..By enhancing mycobacterial killing in macrophages, L-arginine and vitamin D might have the potential to enable shorter duration of treatment, reduced infectivity and improved response in drug-resistant TB...

..The incorporation of these recent advances into optimized directly observed treatment, short course (DOTS), programs, in conjunction with more widespread deployment and enhanced political will, all provide grounds for improved control...

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..vivax genome. This uniform coverage will greatly facilitate the detection of SNPs and copy number variants across the genome, enabling unbiased exploration of the natural diversity in P. vivax populations...

..CONCLUSIONS: Cryptosporidium, Strongyloides, rotavirus and enteroaggregative E. coli are important contributors to the severe manifestations of acute gastroenteritis in Australian Aboriginal children...

..We conclude that G-CSF may have contributed to the reduction in the mortality rate among patients with septic shock due to melioidosis...

..We postulated that NOS2 promoter polymorphisms would affect resistance to severe malaria...

..The reported case-fatality rate associated with severe malaria varies widely. Whether age is an independent risk factor is uncertain...

..Plasmodium falciparum infection exerts a considerable burden on pregnant women, but less is known about the adverse consequences of Plasmodium vivax infection...

..The aim of the study was to review the spectrum of disease associated with malaria due to Pv and P. falciparum (Pf) in patients presenting to a hospital in Timika, southern Papua, Indonesia...

..Hypoargininaemia may contribute to limited NO production in children with cerebral malaria and to severe disease...

..Adding SP to CQ, after significant resistance has emerged to both drugs, may not prevent enhanced transmission of dual-resistant strains and progression of anti-folate resistance...

..Determination of the mechanism of this abnormality may contribute to the understanding of neurological complications in malaria...

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..While CLAG 9 peptides are immunogenic in humans, longitudinal studies will be required to determine the longevity of antibody responses to CLAG 9 and their role in protection from disease...