Joseph Madri

Summary

Affiliation: Yale University
Country: USA

Publications

  1. ncbi A macroporous hydrogel for the coculture of neural progenitor and endothelial cells to form functional vascular networks in vivo
    Millicent C Ford
    Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:2512-7. 2006
  2. ncbi Maternal diabetes: effects on embryonic vascular development--a vascular endothelial growth factor-A-mediated process
    Joseph A Madri
    Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, P O Box 208023, New Haven, CT 06520 8023, USA
    Pediatr Dev Pathol 6:334-41. 2003
  3. ncbi Modeling the neurovascular niche: implications for recovery from CNS injury
    J A Madri
    Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 8023, USA
    J Physiol Pharmacol 60:95-104. 2009
  4. ncbi Modeling the neurovascular niche: VEGF- and BDNF-mediated cross-talk between neural stem cells and endothelial cells: an in vitro study
    Qi Li
    Department of Pathology, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
    J Neurosci Res 84:1656-68. 2006
  5. ncbi Platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 modulates endothelial migration through its immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif
    Dita Gratzinger
    Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, Lauder Hall 115, 310 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun 301:243-9. 2003
  6. ncbi Proteomic-based detection of a protein cluster dysregulated during cardiovascular development identifies biomarkers of congenital heart defects
    Anjali K Nath
    Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
    PLoS ONE 4:e4221. 2009
  7. ncbi Paracrine and autocrine functions of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) in brain-derived endothelial cells
    Hyun Kim
    Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 8023, USA
    J Biol Chem 279:33538-46. 2004
  8. ncbi Characterization of RAGE, HMGB1, and S100beta in inflammation-induced preterm birth and fetal tissue injury
    Catalin S Buhimschi
    Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
    Am J Pathol 175:958-75. 2009
  9. ncbi Abolition of arteriolar dilation but not constriction to histamine in cremaster muscle of eNOS-/- mice
    Geoffrey W Payne
    The John B Pierce Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, 290 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
    Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 285:H493-8. 2003
  10. ncbi Myometrial wound healing post-Cesarean delivery in the MRL/MpJ mouse model of uterine scarring
    Catalin S Buhimschi
    Director Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, LLCI 804, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
    Am J Pathol 177:197-207. 2010

Collaborators

Detail Information

Publications50

  1. ncbi A macroporous hydrogel for the coculture of neural progenitor and endothelial cells to form functional vascular networks in vivo
    Millicent C Ford
    Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:2512-7. 2006
    ..We demonstrate a previously undescribed strategy for creating stable microvascular networks to support engineered tissues of desired parenchymal cell origin...
  2. ncbi Maternal diabetes: effects on embryonic vascular development--a vascular endothelial growth factor-A-mediated process
    Joseph A Madri
    Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, P O Box 208023, New Haven, CT 06520 8023, USA
    Pediatr Dev Pathol 6:334-41. 2003
    ..Further understanding of the effects of maternal diabetes on yolk sac and embryonic vasculogenesis/angiogenesis and organogenesis may lead to novel approaches in treating and preventing major birth defects...
  3. ncbi Modeling the neurovascular niche: implications for recovery from CNS injury
    J A Madri
    Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 8023, USA
    J Physiol Pharmacol 60:95-104. 2009
    ....
  4. ncbi Modeling the neurovascular niche: VEGF- and BDNF-mediated cross-talk between neural stem cells and endothelial cells: an in vitro study
    Qi Li
    Department of Pathology, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
    J Neurosci Res 84:1656-68. 2006
    ..These findings show the importance of reciprocal modulation of NSCs and BECs in induction and maintenance of the neurovascular niche and underscores their dynamic interactions...
  5. ncbi Platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 modulates endothelial migration through its immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif
    Dita Gratzinger
    Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, Lauder Hall 115, 310 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun 301:243-9. 2003
    ....
  6. ncbi Proteomic-based detection of a protein cluster dysregulated during cardiovascular development identifies biomarkers of congenital heart defects
    Anjali K Nath
    Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
    PLoS ONE 4:e4221. 2009
    ..However, the molecular pathways that underlie these structural defects in humans remain largely unknown hindering the development of molecular-based diagnostic tools and novel therapies...
  7. ncbi Paracrine and autocrine functions of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) in brain-derived endothelial cells
    Hyun Kim
    Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 8023, USA
    J Biol Chem 279:33538-46. 2004
    ..These data support a role for neurotrophins signaling in the dynamic maintenance/differentiation of central nervous system endothelia...
  8. ncbi Characterization of RAGE, HMGB1, and S100beta in inflammation-induced preterm birth and fetal tissue injury
    Catalin S Buhimschi
    Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
    Am J Pathol 175:958-75. 2009
    ..Our findings indicate that RAGE and HMGB1 may be important mediators of cellular injury in fetuses delivered in the setting of inflammation-induced preterm birth...
  9. ncbi Abolition of arteriolar dilation but not constriction to histamine in cremaster muscle of eNOS-/- mice
    Geoffrey W Payne
    The John B Pierce Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, 290 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
    Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 285:H493-8. 2003
    ..Thus histamine can increase as well as decrease muscle blood flow, according to local concentration. However, when NO production is compromised, only vasoconstriction and flow reduction occur...
  10. ncbi Myometrial wound healing post-Cesarean delivery in the MRL/MpJ mouse model of uterine scarring
    Catalin S Buhimschi
    Director Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, LLCI 804, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
    Am J Pathol 177:197-207. 2010
    ..Our findings indicate that differences in regenerative ability translate in histological, mitotic, and functional differences in biomechanical properties of the scarred myometrium after CD...
  11. ncbi Using proteomics in perinatal and neonatal sepsis: hopes and challenges for the future
    Catalin S Buhimschi
    Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
    Curr Opin Infect Dis 22:235-43. 2009
    ..Proteomics offers the opportunity for detecting fetuses at risk of sepsis and neurological injury...
  12. ncbi An implantable vascularized protein gel construct that supports human fetal hepatoblast survival and infection by hepatitis C virus in mice
    Martha J Harding
    Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
    PLoS ONE 5:e9987. 2010
    ....
  13. ncbi MAPKs (ERK1/2, p38) and AKT can be phosphorylated by shear stress independently of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (CD31) in vascular endothelial cells
    Bauer E Sumpio
    Department of Surgery Vascular, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
    J Biol Chem 280:11185-91. 2005
    ....
  14. ncbi Histamine inhibits conducted vasodilation through endothelium-derived NO production in arterioles of mouse skeletal muscle
    Geoffrey W Payne
    The John B Pierce Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06519, USA
    FASEB J 18:280-6. 2004
    ..These findings indicate that histamine inhibits cell-to-cell coupling through an NO-dependent mechanism and suggests a dynamic interaction among intercellular adhesion molecules and gap junction channels along arteriolar endothelium...
  15. ncbi PECAM-1 affects GSK-3beta-mediated beta-catenin phosphorylation and degradation
    Purba Biswas
    Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, 310 Cedar St, Lauder Hall, Rm L115, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
    Am J Pathol 169:314-24. 2006
    ....
  16. ncbi PECAM-1 modulates thrombin-induced tissue factor expression on endothelial cells
    Jenny J Zhang
    Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
    J Cell Physiol 210:527-37. 2007
    ..These findings provide new insights into the action of PECAM-1 as a modulator of thrombosis...
  17. ncbi Lack of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 attenuates foreign body inflammation because of decreased angiogenesis
    Anna Solowiej
    Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
    Am J Pathol 162:953-62. 2003
    ..This study indicates that the absence of endothelial PECAM-1 results in decreased angiogenesis and therefore in diminished delivery of leukocytes to the foreign body implants...
  18. ncbi Strain differences in behavioral and cellular responses to perinatal hypoxia and relationships to neural stem cell survival and self-renewal: Modeling the neurovascular niche
    Qi Li
    Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 8023, USA
    Am J Pathol 175:2133-46. 2009
    ..Information gained from these studies will aid in design and effective use of preventive therapies in the very low birth weight infant population...
  19. ncbi Elevated glucose inhibits VEGF-A-mediated endocardial cushion formation: modulation by PECAM-1 and MMP-2
    Josephine M Enciso
    Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 8023, USA
    J Cell Biol 160:605-15. 2003
    ....
  20. ncbi A null mutation of Hhex results in abnormal cardiac development, defective vasculogenesis and elevated Vegfa levels
    Haifa Hallaq
    Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, 464 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT, 06519 1361, USA
    Development 131:5197-209. 2004
    ..Therefore, Hhex expression in the ventral foregut endoderm and/or the endothelium is necessary for normal cardiovascular development in vivo, and one function of Hhex is to repress Vegfa levels during development...
  21. ncbi Bone marrow monocyte PECAM-1 deficiency elicits increased osteoclastogenesis resulting in trabecular bone loss
    Yue Wu
    Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
    J Immunol 182:2672-9. 2009
    ..Lastly, WT mice engrafted with marrow from KO kindred showed loss of trabecular bone analogous to KO mice, consistent with increased osteoclastogenesis...
  22. ncbi The roles of nitric oxide in murine cardiovascular development
    Anjali K Nath
    Yale University, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
    Dev Biol 292:25-33. 2006
    ..Here, we will discuss the roles of NO during reproduction, organ system development, in particular, the cardiovascular system, and its potential implications in diabetes-induced fetal defects...
  23. ncbi Differential effects of shear stress and cyclic strain on Sp1 phosphorylation by protein kinase Czeta modulates membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase in endothelial cells
    Ji Il Kim
    Department of Vascular Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
    Endothelium 15:33-42. 2008
    ....
  24. ncbi Paracrine and autocrine functions of neuronal vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the central nervous system
    Omolara O Ogunshola
    Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
    J Biol Chem 277:11410-5. 2002
    ..Thus, our in vitro data support a role for neuronal VEGF in both paracrine and autocrine signaling in the maintenance of neurons and endothelia in the central nervous system...
  25. ncbi Altered vascular permeability and early onset of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in PECAM-1-deficient mice
    Donnasue Graesser
    Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
    J Clin Invest 109:383-92. 2002
    ..Lastly, we demonstrate an exaggerated and prolonged CNS vascular permeability during the development of EAE and a delay in restoration of dermal vascular integrity following histamine challenge in PECAM-KO mice...
  26. ncbi Enhanced susceptibility to endotoxic shock and impaired STAT3 signaling in CD31-deficient mice
    Michael Carrithers
    Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
    Am J Pathol 166:185-96. 2005
    ..These results suggest that CD31 is necessary for maintenance of endothelial integrity and prevention of apoptosis during septic shock and for STAT3-mediated acute phase responses that promote survival during septic shock...
  27. ncbi Vascular endothelial growth factor expression, beta-catenin tyrosine phosphorylation, and endothelial proliferative behavior: a pathway for transformation?
    Neta Ilan
    Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
    Lab Invest 83:1105-15. 2003
    ..The possible contributions of VEGF signaling pathways, cell junction component expression levels, and phosphorylation states to endothelial cell transformation and proliferation are discussed...
  28. ncbi Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 modulates endothelial cell motility through the small G-protein Rho
    Dita Gratzinger
    Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
    FASEB J 17:1458-69. 2003
    ..PECAM-1 may thus support the effective S1P/RhoGTP signaling required for wound healing endothelial migration by allowing for the spatially directed, coordinated activation of Galpha signaling pathways...
  29. ncbi Nitric oxide modulates murine yolk sac vasculogenesis and rescues glucose induced vasculopathy
    Anjali K Nath
    Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
    Development 131:2485-96. 2004
    ..These data suggest that NO acts as an endoderm-derived factor that modulates normal yolk sac vascular development, and decreased NO bioavailability and NO-mediated sequela may underlie high glucose induced vasculopathy...
  30. ncbi PECAM-1 promotes beta-catenin accumulation and stimulates endothelial cell proliferation
    Purba Biswas
    Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun 303:212-8. 2003
    ..Taken together, our data suggest that PECAM-1, an adhesion molecule, affects cell proliferation via accumulation of transcriptionally active beta-catenin...
  31. ncbi Engineering angiogenesis following spinal cord injury: a coculture of neural progenitor and endothelial cells in a degradable polymer implant leads to an increase in vessel density and formation of the blood-spinal cord barrier
    Millicent Ford Rauch
    Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, Malone Engineering Center 311, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
    Eur J Neurosci 29:132-45. 2009
    ..This work provides a novel method to induce angiogenesis following spinal cord injury and a foundation for studying its role in repair...
  32. ncbi Neutrophils lacking platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 exhibit loss of directionality and motility in CXCR2-mediated chemotaxis
    Yue Wu
    Department of Pathology, Yale University Medical School, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
    J Immunol 175:3484-91. 2005
    ..These results suggest that PECAM-1 regulates neutrophil chemotaxis by modulating cell motility and directionality, in part through its effects on SHP-1 localization and activation...
  33. ncbi Modeling the neurovascular niche: murine strain differences mimic the range of responses to chronic hypoxia in the premature newborn
    Qi Li
    Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 8023, USA
    J Neurosci Res 86:1227-42. 2008
    ....
  34. ncbi Co-culture of primary neural progenitor and endothelial cells in a macroporous gel promotes stable vascular networks in vivo
    Millicent Ford Rauch
    Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
    J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 19:1469-85. 2008
    ..This work suggests that a co-culture of primary cells seeded in a macroporous hydrogel is a novel method to promote stable functional vascular networks which are critical for engineering complex tissues...
  35. ncbi PECAM-1: a multifaceted regulator of megakaryocytopoiesis
    Yue Wu
    Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA
    Blood 110:851-9. 2007
    ..Thus, PECAM-1 modulates megakaryocytopoiesis in a hierarchic manner, functioning as a thermostat to "fine-tune" megakaryocytopoiesis...
  36. ncbi Disrupted synaptic development in the hypoxic newborn brain
    Sheila M Curristin
    Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:15729-34. 2002
    ..These patterns reveal a global dysynchrony in the maturation programs of the hypoxic developing brain, and offer insights into the vulnerabilities of processes that guide early postnatal cerebral maturation...
  37. ncbi Identification of the regions of PECAM-1 involved in beta- and gamma-catenin associations
    Purba Biswas
    Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun 329:1225-33. 2005
    ....
  38. ncbi VEGF-A and Semaphorin3A: modulators of vascular sympathetic innervation
    Jennifer B Long
    Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
    Dev Biol 334:119-32. 2009
    ....
  39. ncbi Transcription factor Sp1 phosphorylation induced by shear stress inhibits membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase expression in endothelium
    Sangseob Yun
    Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
    J Biol Chem 277:34808-14. 2002
    ....
  40. ncbi The evolving roles of cell surface proteases in health and disease: implications for developmental, adaptive, inflammatory, and neoplastic processes
    Joseph A Madri
    Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
    Curr Top Dev Biol 54:391-410. 2003
  41. ncbi Noninvasive imaging of angiogenesis with a 99mTc-labeled peptide targeted at alphavbeta3 integrin after murine hindlimb ischemia
    Jing Hua
    Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn 06520-8017, USA
    Circulation 111:3255-60. 2005
    ..This targeted radiotracer imaging approach is a major advance in tracking therapeutic myocardial angiogenesis and has an important clinical potential...
  42. ncbi Leptin affects endocardial cushion formation by modulating EMT and migration via Akt signaling cascades
    Anjali K Nath
    Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
    J Cell Biol 181:367-80. 2008
    ..This study adds leptin to the repertoire of factors that mediate EMT and, for the first time, demonstrates a role for the interleukin 6 family in embryonic EMT...
  43. ncbi Targeted imaging of hypoxia-induced integrin activation in myocardium early after infarction
    Leszek Kalinowski
    Experimental Nuclear Cardiology Laboratory, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 8017, USA
    J Appl Physiol 104:1504-12. 2008
    ....
  44. ncbi MMP-2 null mice exhibit an early onset and severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis due to an increase in MMP-9 expression and activity
    Jordi Esparza
    Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
    FASEB J 18:1682-91. 2004
    ..Last, we discuss other possible MMP-2-mediated mechanisms which may contribute to the observed phenotype...
  45. ncbi Noninvasive imaging of myocardial angiogenesis following experimental myocardial infarction
    David F Meoli
    Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8017, USA
    J Clin Invest 113:1684-91. 2004
    ..This approach may also have significant clinical utility for noninvasively tracking therapeutic myocardial angiogenesis...
  46. ncbi MAPKAPK2-mediated LSP1 phosphorylation and FMLP-induced neutrophil polarization
    Yue Wu
    Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun 358:170-5. 2007
    ..These studies suggest that MK2-regulated LSP1 phosphorylation is involved in stabilization of F-actin polarization during neutrophil chemotaxis...
  47. ncbi PECAM-1: old friend, new partners
    Neta Ilan
    Department of Vascular Biology, Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Haifa, Israel
    Curr Opin Cell Biol 15:515-24. 2003
    ....
  48. ncbi Fibroblast-type reticular stromal cells regulate the lymph node vasculature
    Susan Chyou
    Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
    J Immunol 181:3887-96. 2008
    ....
  49. ncbi TNF-alpha induces MMP2 gelatinase activity and MT1-MMP expression in an in vitro model of nucleus pulposus tissue degeneration
    Cheryle A Séguin
    BioEngineering of Skeletal Tissues Team, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
    Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 33:356-65. 2008
    ..In vitro-formed bovine nucleus pulposus (NP) tissues were used as a model for tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) induced NP degeneration...
  50. ncbi Transcriptional up-regulation of endothelial cell matrix metalloproteinase-2 in response to extracellular cues involves GATA-2
    Xiaoyan Han
    School of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
    J Biol Chem 278:47785-91. 2003
    ....

Research Grants15

  1. Proteinase Modulation During T-Cell Endothelial Adhesion
    Joseph Madri; Fiscal Year: 2009
    ..Specifically we will use WT, CD31 KO, MMP-2 KO, MMP-9 KO, MMP-14 and -/- and CD44 KO mice, and bone marrow chimeric mice generated from these mice. ..
  2. Proteinase Modulation During T-Cell Endothelial Adhesion
    Joseph Madri; Fiscal Year: 2007
    ..Specifically we will use WT, CD31 KO, MMP-2 KO, MMP-9 KO, MMP-14 and -/- and CD44 KO mice, and bone marrow chimeric mice generated from these mice. ..
  3. PATHOLOGY OF ENDOTHELIAL NEOVASCULARIZATION
    Joseph Madri; Fiscal Year: 2007
    ..abstract_text> ..
  4. Proteinase Modulation During T-Cell-Endothelial Adhesion
    Joseph Madri; Fiscal Year: 2004
    ....
  5. PROTEINASE MODULATION DURING T CELL-ENDOTHELIAL ADHESION
    Joseph Madri; Fiscal Year: 1999
    ....
  6. Proteinase Modulation Diring T-Cell Endothelial Adhesion
    Joseph A Madri; Fiscal Year: 2010
    ..Specifically we will use WT, CD31 KO, MMP-2 KO, MMP-9 KO, MMP-14 and -/- and CD44 KO mice, and bone marrow chimeric mice generated from these mice. ..