Jichuan Wang

..This study illustrates how to use statistical analysis system (SAS) to conduct nonparametric residual bootstrap multilevel modeling. Specific SAS programs for such modeling are provided...

..Some limitations of RDS are also discussed...

..The study shows that SDA is a useful technique for multi-population comparisons, providing an opportunity to look at data from a different perspective in medical studies...

..02% of the regional difference in HIV seropositivity rate. The application of the standardization and decomposition method provides HIV researchers with opportunities to look at familiar data from a different perspective...

..RDS has the potential to be widely employed in studies of illicit drug-using populations...

..Little is known about sex practices that increase the risk of contracting HIV infection or the level of HIV and AIDS knowledge among sexually transmitted disease (STD) patients in China...

..1.56-10.13), to have poor mental health scores. Frequency and type of drug use had no measurable effect on mental health status. Physical and mental health problems are likely to be pervasive among nonmedical drug users in rural areas...

..Higher lifetime occasions of MDMA use were marginally related to symptoms of serious depression...

..Additional research is needed to better understand the role of race/ethnicity in the development of cocaine dependence resulting from crack use...

..Treatment programs should routinely screen crack-cocaine users for depression. The BDI may be a suitable tool for such efforts since it has an acceptable level of internal consistency when employed with crack users (a = 0.89)...

..These findings have practical implications for efforts addressing substance abuse in rural areas...

..This study provides an increased understanding of readiness for treatment among pre-treatment substance abusers and also supported the construct validity of the Pre-Treatment Readiness Scale...

..CONCLUSIONS: Stimulant drug users in rural Ohio are involved with a range of substances and hold health beliefs that may impede health services utilization...

..These results suggest that a host of drug and nondrug factors need to be considered when addressing depressive symptoms in stimulant users...

..Although crack cocaine first appeared in cities in the United States in the mid-1980s, little is known about its use over long periods of time. This study identified crack cocaine user groups on the basis of long-term trajectories...

..The findings suggest that it would be reasonable to consider the pattern of factor loadings and structure relations as invariant across gender, ethnic, and age groups...

..White crack users were more likely to have comorbidity, complicating their treatment...

..06-1.99), and higher Addiction Severity Index composite medical scores (OR=1.62, 95%CI=1.15-2.29) increased the odds of an ED visit. Factors in addition to drug use are likely to affect ED utilization rates among crack-cocaine smokers...

..Latent class analysis is a useful method to help describe and understand variability in polydrug use patterns...

..White and younger people were more likely to be classified in the heavy user group. The results suggest that comprehensive substance abuse prevention and treatment programs are needed in rural communities...

..Variations in the prevalence of psychiatric disorders have practical implications for drug abuse prevention and treatment programs...

..Incorporating assessments of physical problems as well as a mechanism for their treatment into the regimen of drug abuse treatment programs should be considered...

..Nondaily crack cocaine users and marijuana users were less likely to enter treatment. The findings can help inform rural substance abuse treatment program development and outreach...

..Local survey data can inform local policy and programs. These findings have practical implications for policymakers, program developers, and school districts in other areas of the country...

..Findings support the development of peer-oriented, network strategies to reach ecstasy users with prevention messages. Efforts to make prevention web sites more attractive should be considered...

..Screening women for victimization, and treating the problems that emanate from it, may help make drug abuse treatment more effective...

..Developing a strategy to practically apply these findings may facilitate treatment entry among a population involved with a dangerous and debilitating drug...

..This article presents new reference values and prediction equations for TBW from anthropometry for white and black adults...

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..The SF-36 produces reliable data on the health status of crack users and, as such, may have a useful role in assessments involving crack-using populations...

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..Although mean bleach exposure time increased significantly at both follow-ups, only 30.3% of the IDUs kept bleach in the syringe for at least 30 seconds at 6-month follow-up. Improved interventions are needed...

..The Medical Outcomes Study SF-36 has been used infrequently with substance abusers...

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..The observed relationship between depressive symptoms and illicit use of pharmaceutical opioids may have important implications for prevention programming and should be examined in future research...

..No statistically significant differences emerged between girls in rural and suburban schools. Afterschool employment practices may help explain the observed differences...

..The low and declining mean scores suggest that for most people MDMA/;ecstasy' use does not result in long-term depressive symptomatology...

..Injuries often result in the need for medical care. Over the short term, women are at increased risk. Accessible and effective drug abuse treatment is needed to diminish the harm this population suffers...

..Overall, results indicate that the BTI has good content validity and is a reliable instrument for assessing barriers to drug treatment. The potential utility of the BTI in assessment settings is discussed...

..The process and tools described serve as a model for other communities wanting to evaluate their prevention programming...

..9, CI = 1.47-10.09; p = .006). These findings indicate HIV prevention efforts should be tailored to address gender and racial/ethnic differences in risk behaviors among rural stimulant users...

..There is growing concern about illicit rural stimulant use, especially regarding methamphetamine use and its health consequences...

..However, cocaine is also widely used in many rural areas. The purpose of this article is to contrast MA and cocaine users in three geographically distinct rural areas of the United States...

..Some differences exist as a result of question content, interview language, and response format, requiring assessment in future studies and consideration in designing Audio Computer-assisted Self-interviewing systems and questionnaires...

..We examined the relationship between receipt of medical care for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and HIV transmission risk behavior among persons who had received a recent diagnosis of HIV infection...