S Holte

..To review the literature and present a summary estimate of the association between HIV-1 acquisition or HIV-1 serostatus and oral contraceptives...

..Studies using mathematical modelling of viral decay may be a useful method to evaluate single or combination therapy for HBV infection in vivo...

..This association was also observed in 1 subject with acute HCV infection. Thus, our data demonstrate that salivary HCV RNA detection was associated with serum HCV RNA load in individuals who were chronically or acutely infected with HCV...

..This study examines the prevalence and correlates of significant liver fibrosis among patients with immunotolerant hepatitis B...

..The role of sexual activity in hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission remains controversial. Studies to date have not explored the relationship between HCV shedding in cervicovaginal fluids and the presence of menstrual or other blood...

..Acute hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is often asymptomatic; thus, its epidemiology and natural history are difficult to define...

..2- and 4.2-fold after treating Candida and Trichomonas, respectively. These data suggest that HIV-1 transmission intervention strategies that incorporate diagnosis and treatment of these prevalent infections warrant evaluation...

..These data suggest that separate factors influence mucosal shedding of each of the three classes of herpesviruses but that virological interactions between the pathogens also exist...

..The persistence and enrichment of HIV receptor-positive inflammatory cells in the genitalia help explain the inability of anti-HSV-2 therapy to reduce HIV acquisition...

..We describe the baseline characteristics of this cohort...

..Vitamin A supplementation is unlikely to decrease HSV shedding and infectivity...

..To evaluate the efficacy of a 1-day course of valacyclovir in reducing the duration and severity of genital herpes recurrences and to measure the frequency of viral shedding episodes subsequent to antiviral therapy...

..In conclusion, acyclovir suppression during HIV-1 seroconversion and the subsequent 6 months does not affect HIV-1 set point...

..We have conducted pooled analyses of data from 3 cohorts to evaluate the effects of maternal HSV serostatus and HSV type on risk of neonatal HSV acquisition and severity...

..To determine whether rapidly cleared episodes of herpes simplex virus (HSV) reactivation occur in HIV-infected adults...

..Therapy to suppress HSV-2 reduces the frequency of reactivation of HSV-2 as well as HIV-1 levels, suggesting that suppression of HSV-2 may reduce the risk of transmission of HIV-1...

..It is difficult to discriminate between lesions resulting from recently acquired versus established genital herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection. Methods not based on history or serum IgM status are needed...

..An improved understanding of this relationship provides insight into the experience of having genital herpes and has implications for counseling...

..Quantification of herpes simplex virus (HSV) DNA in the peripheral blood is often used to evaluate patients suspected of having disseminated HSV infection. Few studies have examined the clinical correlates of HSV viremia among adults...

..The model suggests that the rate of containment of infected cells by the peripheral mucosal immune system is the major driver of duration and severity of HSV-2 reactivation in the immunocompetent host...

..Serological testing of donors can identify patients who are at highest risk for HSV-related morbidity, for whom prolonged prophylaxis or donor vaccination (once available) could be considered...

..HerpeSelect HSV-1 and HSV-2 ELISAs are glycoprotein G-based, type-specific antibody detection tests that are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for diagnosis of genital herpes...

..Initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) reduces plasma HIV-1 concentrations. We aimed to assess the effect of ART use by patients infected with HIV-1 on risk of transmission to their uninfected partners...

..Antiviral treatment of the infected partners and condom use reduce the risk of sexual transmission of HSV-2...

..Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is one of the most common pediatric cancers in sub-Saharan Africa. Few data are available about the clinical presentation or response to treatment of children with epidemic (HIV-associated) KS...

..To evaluate the role of highly active antiretroviral therapy and chemotherapy on tumor response among persons with AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma and identify factors associated with response in a clinic setting...

..Genital shedding of herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 2 occurs frequently. Anatomic patterns of genital HSV-2 reactivation have not been intensively studied...

..The factors influencing the choice of therapy, such as cost, ease of dosing and acyclovir resistance are also discussed...

..Among women with herpes simplex virus antibody at delivery, low antibody avidity was associated with herpes simplex virus transmission to the neonate and may be a useful marker for recent seroconversion...

..The evaluation of vaccines for skin and mucosal pathogens should include study of the induction of appropriate tissue-specific homing molecules...

..Clinical correlates of HerpeSelect ELISA index values are poorly understood...

..Patients with buttock herpes recurrences should be instructed about the risk of genital shedding during such recurrences. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II-2...

..4%, respectively). CONCLUSION: This replication incompetent HSV-2 vaccine lacking the glycoprotein H gene was safe but had no clinical or virologic benefit in the amelioration of genital HSV-2 disease among immunocompetent men and women...

..To understand the frequency and clinical significance of acyclovir-resistant isolates, we evaluated the in vitro acyclovir sensitivities of sequential isolates from 34 immunocompetent women...

..2% [95% CI, 0%-0.8%]; P=.006), and in 0 patients in cohort 3 (cohort 2 vs. cohort 3, P=.3). Long-term use of suppressive prophylactic ACV appears to prevent the emergence of drug-resistant HSV disease in HCT...

..To prospectively measure the uptake of Herpes simplex virus Type 2 (HSV-2) testing and psychosocial response to a new serologic diagnosis of HSV-2 in a health maintenance organization (HMO) population...

..Hopefully continued study will address many of the critical questions that exist today regarding how this infection is transmitted and acquired...

..Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), the cause of Kaposi's sarcoma, is common among HIV-infected persons. The exact route of transmission of HHV-8 in various populations is still debated...

....

..A DNA-based vaccination strategy against HSV-2 appears to be safe and may generate a vaccine-specific cellular immune response, but high vaccine doses are likely needed to elicit an immune response in most vaccinees...

..These findings indicate that the frequency and clinical course of HSV-2 reactivation in humans is influenced by virus-specific CD8(+) T cells that persist in peripheral mucosa and genital skin after resolution of herpes lesions...

..02 and P=.001) rates. An SNP in haplotype 2 (-15607A/G) was also associated with shedding (P=.01) and lesional (P=.008) rates. Polymorphisms in TLR2 may be in part responsible for differences in the severity of HSV-2 infection...

..To describe the beliefs and practices of obstetricians related to prenatal serologic testing for HSV infection...

..Little data exist on Internet and email use among STD clinic patients for research and clinical care communication...

..To develop a rapid quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect herpes simplex virus (HSV) in the genital secretions of women that may be used in labor...

..We investigated whether HSV-2 suppression with aciclovir would reduce the risk of HIV-1 acquisition...

..Although cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common inherited respiratory disease, the burden of influenza among individuals with CF is not well characterized...

..Human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) replication is important both in transmission of HHV-8 and progression to KS. We characterized the sites and frequency of HHV-8 detection in Ugandans with and without HIV and KS...

..The degree of effectiveness of condom use in preventing the transmission of herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) is uncertain. To address this issue, we performed a large pooled analysis...

..Daily suppression of this herpes virus reduces plasma HIV-1 concentrations, but whether it delays HIV-1 disease progression is unknown. We investigated the effect of acyclovir on HIV-1 progression...

..HSV-2's blockade of the innate immune system's production of type I IFN may be a major factor in allowing the virus to break through host mucosal defenses...

....

..To estimate the accuracy of clinical diagnosis of genital herpes for herpes simplex virus (HSV) detection among women in labor...

....

..We conclude that among circulating cells expressing a homing-associated receptor, during chronic herpes type 2 infection, the CD8 T cell response becomes quite focused despite the presence of many potential antigenic peptides...

....

..In home-collected specimens, the ratio of PCR positivity to viral-culture positivity rose from 3.8:1 in the winter to 8.8:1 in the summer months, reflecting the lability of viral-culture specimens transported during warm weather...

....

..Clinical history is a poor predictor of HSV-2 infection and type-specific serological testing is recommended to detect HSV-2 seropositivity...

..Potential settings for use of these tests include sexually transmitted disease clinics, prenatal clinics, and clinics that care for patients with human immunodeficiency virus. Patient interest in HSV serological tests appears high...

..Sexual transmission of bacterial and viral sexually transmitted disease has been reported between women. No data are available on seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) and type-2 (HSV-2) among lesbians...

..During a symptomatic oral recurrence, HSV-2 was found in a perioral lesion as well as in the genital area...

..Populations appropriate for type-specific serologic testing for HSV include people with an uncertain clinical diagnosis, high-risk patients, partners of an HSV-infected individual, HIV-infected individuals and pregnant women...

..Reporting > or =1 HIV-positive partner (OR, 5.9; 95% CI, 1.8-19.3), amyl nitrite use (OR, 7.0; 95% CI, 2.1-23.0), and lymphadenopathy in the past 6 months (OR, 7.7; 95% CI, 1.9-31.0) correlated with KSHV seroconversion...

..001), and viral shedding (25 hours versus 58.5 hours; P=.04), and it increased the proportion of aborted episodes (P=.029). A 2-day course of acyclovir is a convenient alternative for treatment of recurrent genital herpes...

..Serologic studies indicate that human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) infects 90 percent of children by two years of age. Little is known about the acquisition, virologic course, and clinical manifestations of HHV-6 infection...

..Eliciting responses to the promiscuous epitope region may be beneficial in vaccine strategies...

..4; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-15.3). The frequency of viral shedding in men with genital herpes appears comparable with that in women...

..We therefore compared herpes simplex virus DNA levels in specimens before and after 16 months of storage. The levels of viral DNA remained stable whether the DNA was stored as purified DNA or unextracted DNA in a whole specimen...

..Furthermore, no data exist on whether cesarean delivery, the standard of care for women with genital herpes lesions at the time of delivery, reduces HSV transmission...

..There were no episodes of thrombotic microangiopathy. Valacyclovir was safe and effective for the suppression of recurrent genital herpes infection in HIV-infected individuals...

..8, 95% CI 1.0-22.8, P = 0.05), or with detectable oral leukocyte esterase (odds ratio 5.0, 95% CI 2.0-12.5, P < 0.01). CD4 count, antiretroviral therapy, and oral inflammation may influence HHV-8 oropharyngeal shedding...

..We conducted a longitudinal study of HSV-2 infection to quantify rates of change in HSV-2 reactivation, mucosal shedding and recurrences of genital lesions, using a newly available model of HSV within-host dynamics...

..We studied HIV-1 levels during HSV suppression in coinfected persons in a placebo-controlled crossover trial...

..We found that a cutoff of 50 HSV DNA copies/ml of swab specimen, a level 10-fold lower than our previous cutoff, minimizes misclassification...

....

..She developed respiratory failure and opportunistic infections and died. Autopsy confirmed disseminated HSV infection, and lung tissue grew acyclovir-resistant HSV-2...

..The cost-effectiveness of these interventions would be improved if high-risk pregnancies could be easily identified for targeted testing...

..Few studies have evaluated the relationship between condom use and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) and HSV type 1 (HSV-1) acquisition...

..Recent in situ data show the localization of HSV-specific CD8(+) T cells at the dermal epidermal junction next to peripheral sensory nerve endings, suggesting that viral reactivation may occur more frequently than previously appreciated...

..Classic modeling of sexually transmitted diseases has focused on modeling behavioral heterogeneity and designing epidemic control strategies targeted at behavioral core groups...

..8% vs. 11.3% of days, respectively; P=.001). Thus, mucosal HSV shedding and HSV-2 reactivation were still frequent among treated subjects, even though HAART was associated with fewer days with HSV lesions...

..This study explores whether famciclovir reduces HSV shedding in HSV-2 seropositive persons with or without a history of symptomatic genital herpes...

....