Adrian Glasser

..This study has been undertaken to measure the relationship between changes in lens diameter and refraction during accommodation in rhesus monkeys...

..This review examines the current status of accommodation restoration concepts with reference to the recent, published peer-reviewed literature with an emphasis on physiological aspects of accommodation and presbyopia...

..Not withstanding the significant challenges that are faced owing to age-related changes in the eye, theoretically, it may be possible to restore accommodation to a presbyopic eye with an artificial accommodative intraocular lens...

..Several of these different IOLs are available and being used clinically, while many are still in research and development...

..The aim of this study was to determine whether pharmacologically manipulated resting refraction, amplitude, and starting point affect accommodative and disaccommodative dynamics in anesthetized adolescent rhesus monkeys...

..Pharmacological stimulation results in a greater increase in lens thickness, an overall forward movement of the lens and a greater change in dioptric power...

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..During pharmacological stimulation, the ciliary processes move to a greater extent than the lens edge, confirming that in adolescent monkeys, lens movement limits the accommodative optical change in the eye...

..Low dose echothiophate had significant effects on pupil diameter and resting refraction, with only small effects on the dynamics of the accommodative response...

..The greater increase in optical power near the central region of the lens, combined with an accommodative pupillary miosis, would serve to maximize accommodative refractive change while maintaining acceptable image quality...

..There is a slight reduction in the speed of near pupil response with age...

..As in humans, the age-related decrease in accommodative amplitude in rhesus monkeys cannot be attributed to an age-related increase in lens diameter...

..Variation across subjects may reflect differences in accommodative effort, ciliary muscle function for a given effort, and/or in intraocular anatomy...

..This study seeks to identify age-related changes in accommodative lag with minus lens-stimulated demands in subjects from preschoolers to adults...

..Per-diopter changes in the lens were greater in the current study compared with previous studies in which only accommodative demand was measured, which overestimates the accommodative response...

..Intravenous infusion of pilocarpine was a rapid and reliable method of producing a nearly maximal accommodative response and maintaining accommodation when desired...

..CONCLUSIONS: No increase in accommodative amplitude above normal age-matched controls was found. Patient satisfaction may have come from the high expectations this patient had for a positive surgery outcome...

..0 diopters greater than those measured with objective tests. Measurements of accommodative amplitude are best achieved with objective methods to stimulate and measure accommodation...

..Low-amplitude responses were influenced by both starting point and amplitude. CONCLUSIONS: The dynamics of accommodation and disaccommodation are strongly influenced by the starting point, but less so by amplitude...

..The peak velocity of pupil constriction was greater than that of pupil dilation for corresponding amplitudes. The pupil response is more closely associated with accommodation than with disaccommodation...

..Accommodative changes in ACD, LT and ASL are all well correlated over the full extent of the accommodative response...

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..To study variations in dynamic measures of accommodation and disaccommodation with age in subjects ranging from preschool to adulthood...

..Little accommodative fatigue was found compared to previous studies which have reported a complete loss of accommodation after 5 min of repeated stimulation in monkeys...

..Full-field photorefraction was measured during accommodation in anesthetized monkeys to better understand the monkey as a model of human accommodation and how accommodation affects off-axis refraction...

..Subconjunctival injections of 0.002% or less pirenzepine do not decrease EW-stimulated accommodation...

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..This study was undertaken to compare static and dynamic accommodation measurements using the Grand Seiko WR-5500 (WAM) in young, phakic subjects...

..CONCLUSIONS: alpha-Adrenergic stimulation causes a strong pupil dilation in noniridectomized monkey eyes but does not affect EW-stimulated accommodative amplitude or dynamics in anesthetized, iridectomized rhesus monkeys...

..CONCLUSIONS: Dynamic A-scan provides a method for dynamic analysis of the accommodative biometric changes during Edinger-Westphal-stimulated accommodation in monkeys, although the measurement resolution of this approach is limited...

..This was determined by comparing the average change in lens diameter at various force values used. The two methods provide a good indication of the stiffness properties of mouse lenses...

..To identify whether static and dynamic aspects of accommodation other than accuracy are deficient in individuals with Down syndrome (DS) and whether poor accommodation is related to sensory or motor pathway deficits...

..The dynamics of accommodation and disaccommodation are dependent on amplitude, but have different properties in each case...

..To test the repeatability of the iTrace wavefront aberrometer (Tracey Technologies, Inc.) and the WR-5100K autorefractor (Grand Seiko Co., Ltd.) and to measure accomodation in young and phakic prepresbyopic subjects...

..The differences in the dynamics of accommodation and disaccommodation with age are discussed with reference to the age related changes in the eye leading to presbyopia...

..In this study, objective methods were used to measure accommodative amplitude in a wide age range of individuals, to define the relationship of amplitude and age from age 3...

..MRI, even with detailed image analysis methods used here, is unlikely to achieve the resolution required to accurately size an A-IOL to the capsular bag...

..Objective measures of accommodation should be used to determine whether accommodation can be restored in presbyopes...

..This study evaluated accuracy and reliability of the Grand Seiko WR-5100K autorefractor for objective accommodation measurement in young adults...

..41 +/- 0.28) 10(-6) cm/sec. The results suggest that OCT might be utilized for the noninvasive study of molecular diffusion in the multilayered biological tissues in vivo...

..We conclude that if dynamic accommodative responses are to be compared in monkeys of different ages it is necessary to compare responses for the same accommodative amplitudes in order to draw conclusions about age related changes...

..A specific intra- and postoperative treatment protocol was used to minimize postoperative inflammation and to delay capsular opacification...

..To document zonular orientation and suspension of the lens during accommodation, and age-related changes of the circumlental space (CLS) at rest and during accommodation, in living iridectomized rhesus monkey eyes...

..In the current study, these relationships were studied in rhesus monkeys, whose accommodative apparatus and age-related loss of accommodation are similar to those in humans...

..147 +/- 0.25 deg/D. These results are important to fully characterize accommodation in rhesus monkeys...

..This research will provide a foundation for studies directed at understanding if accommodation can be restored with artificial accommodative intraocular lenses. ..

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