Research Topics
| P S AppelbaumSummaryAffiliation: University of Massachusetts Medical School Country: USA Publications
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Detail Information
Publications
Competence of depressed patients for consent to researchP S Appelbaum
Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester 01655, USA
Am J Psychiatry 156:1380-4. 1999..This study used a new instrument for assessing depressed patients' capacities to consent to research and examined their performance, including the relation between severity of depression and extent of impairment...
Privacy in psychiatric treatment: threats and responsesPaul S Appelbaum
Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
Am J Psychiatry 159:1809-18. 2002..The author provides an overview of the current status of privacy in psychiatric treatment, with particular attention to the effects of new federal regulations authorized by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)...
Ambivalence codified: California's new outpatient commitment statutePaul S Appelbaum
University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester 01655, USA
Psychiatr Serv 54:26-8. 2003
Law & psychiatry: dangerous persons, moral panic, and the uses of psychiatryPaul S Appelbaum
Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
Psychiatr Serv 54:441-2. 2003
Behavioral genetics and the punishment of crimePaul S Appelbaum
University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
Psychiatr Serv 56:25-7. 2005
Presidential address: Re-envisioning a mental health system for the United StatesPaul S Appelbaum
American Psychiatric Assocition, San Francisco, CA, USA
Am J Psychiatry 160:1758-62. 2003
Treating incompetent defendants: the Supreme Court's decision is a tough SellPaul S Appelbaum
Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
Psychiatr Serv 54:1335-6,1341. 2003
The capacity to vote of persons with Alzheimer's diseasePaul S Appelbaum
Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
Am J Psychiatry 162:2094-100. 2005..This article explores how persons with Alzheimer's disease perform on these criteria...
Decisional capacity of patients with schizophrenia to consent to research: taking stockPaul S Appelbaum
Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
Schizophr Bull 32:22-5. 2006....
Law & psychiatry: psychiatric advance directives and the treatment of committed patientsPaul S Appelbaum
University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
Psychiatr Serv 55:751-2, 763. 2004
Assessing Kendra's Law: five years of outpatient commitment in New YorkPaul S Appelbaum
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, 01655, USA
Psychiatr Serv 56:791-2. 2005
Law & psychiatry: "One madman keeping loaded guns": misconceptions of mental illness and their legal consequencesPaul S Appelbaum
Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
Psychiatr Serv 55:1105-6. 2004
Legalism, postmodernism, and the vicissitudes of teaching ethicsPaul S Appelbaum
University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
Acad Psychiatry 28:164-7. 2004
Dangerous severe personality disorders: England's experiment in using psychiatry for public protectionPaul S Appelbaum
Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
Psychiatr Serv 56:397-9. 2005
Starving in the midst of plenty: the mental health care crisis in AmericaPaul S Appelbaum
Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
Psychiatr Serv 53:1247-8. 2002
Response to the presidential address--the systematic defunding of psychiatric care: a crisis at our doorstepPaul S Appelbaum
Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
Am J Psychiatry 159:1638-40. 2002
Thinking carefully about outpatient commitmentP S Appelbaum
Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester 01605, USA
Psychiatr Serv 52:347-50. 2001..Acknowledging limitations in the empirical evidence favoring outpatient commitment, the author reviews key issues for policy makers to address in considering or revising these statutes...
Violence and delusions: data from the MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment StudyP S Appelbaum
Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
Am J Psychiatry 157:566-72. 2000..This study explores the relationship between delusions and violence among patients recently discharged from acute psychiatric hospitalization...
Law & psychiatry: policing expert testimony: the role of professional organizationsPaul S Appelbaum
Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
Psychiatr Serv 53:389-90, 399. 2002
Dimensional approach to delusions: comparison across types and diagnosesP S Appelbaum
Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester 01655, USA
Am J Psychiatry 156:1938-43. 1999..A dimensional approach to the characterization of delusions was used to examine the use of non-content-related descriptors of delusions in revealing differences across diagnostic categories and delusion types...
Commentary & analysis: the Draft Act Governing Hospitalization of the Mentally Ill: its genesis and its legacyP S Appelbaum
Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
Psychiatr Serv 51:190-4. 2000..He includes its psychiatric context in the five-year period between 1951 and 1955 and later developments related to involuntary commitment...
Assessment of therapeutic misconception in older schizophrenia patients with a brief instrumentLaura B Dunn
Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
Am J Psychiatry 163:500-6. 2006..How best to assess therapeutic misconception is unclear. Also unclear is to what degree patients with severe mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia, may manifest these beliefs...
Assessment of capacity to consent to research among older persons with schizophrenia, Alzheimer disease, or diabetes mellitus: comparison of a 3-item questionnaire with a comprehensive standardized capacity instrumentBarton W Palmer
Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, USA
Arch Gen Psychiatry 62:726-33. 2005..Also, as requirements for formal assessment of decisional capacity are becoming more common, there is a clear need to identify efficient screening methods...
A new brief instrument for assessing decisional capacity for clinical researchDilip V Jeste
Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Bldg 13, Fourth Floor, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
Arch Gen Psychiatry 64:966-74. 2007..However, there are few reliable and validated brief tools that could be used routinely to evaluate individuals' capacity to consent to a research protocol...
Violent thoughts and violent behavior following hospitalization for mental disorderT Grisso
Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester 01655, USA
J Consult Clin Psychol 68:388-98. 2000..Reporting violent thoughts was significantly related to measures of psychopathy, anger, and impulsiveness...
Capacity to provide informed consent for participation in schizophrenia and HIV researchDavid J Moser
Department of Psychiatry, Mental Health Clinical Research Center, University of Iowa College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA
Am J Psychiatry 159:1201-7. 2002....
A direct comparison of research decision-making capacity: schizophrenia/schizoaffective, medically ill, and non-ill subjectsPhilip J Candilis
Law and Psychiatry Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Worcester, MA 01655, United States
Schizophr Res 99:350-8. 2008....
Law & psychiatry: insanity, guilty minds, and psychiatric testimonyPaul S Appelbaum
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1051 Riverside Drive, 122, New York, NY 10032, USA
Psychiatr Serv 57:1370-2. 2006..However, the column highlights the points in Justice Souter's decision that may have implications for any case involving mental health issues...
Competence to consent to research among long-stay inpatients with chronic schizophreniaJeffrey A Kovnick
Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
Psychiatr Serv 54:1247-52. 2003..However, variation across the sample points to the need for individualized assessment and for validated techniques for facilitating decision making in the face of decisional impairments...
Determining when impairment constitutes incapacity for informed consent in schizophrenia researchScott Y H Kim
Department of Psychiatry, Bioethics Program, and Center for Behavioral and Decision Sciences in Medicine, University of Michigan, 300 North Ingalls, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 0429, and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
Br J Psychiatry 191:38-43. 2007..Although people with schizophrenia display impaired abilities for consent, it is not known how much impairment constitutes incapacity...
Commentary: Willingness and competence of depressed and schizophrenic inpatients to consent to researchPaul S Appelbaum
Law and Psychiatry Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester, MA, USA
J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 32:144-7. 2004
Commentary: Obstacles to reform of mental health system: funding, fragmentation and fanaticismPaul S Appelbaum
Department of Psychiatry, Law and Psychiatry Program, U Mass Memorial Medical Center, Worcester 01655, USA
Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 42:211-3. 2005
Correlates of treatment-related decision-making capacity among middle-aged and older patients with schizophreniaBarton W Palmer
Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, the Veterans Medical Research Foundation, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
Arch Gen Psychiatry 61:230-6. 2004..We examined the range, stability, and correlates of treatment-related decisional capacity in this patient population...
The history and current status of competence and informed consent in psychiatric researchD A Pinals
Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester 01655, USA
Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 37:82-94. 2000....
Law & psychiatry: Death row delusions: when is a prisoner competent to be executed?Paul S Appelbaum
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
Psychiatr Serv 58:1258-60. 2007..The Court indicated that competent prisoners must have a "rational understanding" of the reason that a death penalty is being imposed but declined to define a clear standard...
Persistence and stability of delusions over timePaul S Appelbaum
Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worster 01655, USA
Compr Psychiatry 45:317-24. 2004..Delusions appear to be more fluid over relatively short periods of time than has been suggested by many classic descriptions and contemporary formulations...
Civil commitment--the American experienceStuart A Anfang
University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 43:209-18. 2006..We suggest that current American commitment practice is influenced more by economic factors and social perceptions of mental illness than by changing legal standards...
Can psychiatry cross the quality chasm? Improving the quality of health care for mental and substance use conditionsHarold Alan Pincus
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10032, USA
Am J Psychiatry 164:712-9. 2007....
Treatment-related decision-making capacity in middle-aged and older patients with psychosis: a preliminary study using the MacCAT-T and HCATBarton W Palmer
Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, USA
Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 10:207-11. 2002..Results point to the importance of assessing DMC and to the potential modifiability of initial difficulties in understanding...
Use of leverage over patients' money to promote adherence to psychiatric treatmentPaul S Appelbaum
Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
J Nerv Ment Dis 194:294-302. 2006..Family members seemed to provoke fewer negative feelings as money managers. The frequency with which money leverage is used suggests attention is needed to both the fairness of leverage and the means of minimizing negative effects...
Law & psychiatry: "depressed? Get out!": dealing with suicidal students on college campusesPaul S Appelbaum
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Drive, 122, New York, New York 10032, USA
Psychiatr Serv 57:914-6. 2006....
Civil commitment in Turkey: reflections on a bill drafted by psychiatristsRasim Arikan
Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655 0002, USA
Int J Law Psychiatry 30:29-35. 2007..Authors discuss the highlights of the draft within the context of Turkey's current cultural, social and judicial structure, and compare it to similar laws of other countries...
Clinical practice. Assessment of patients' competence to consent to treatmentPaul S Appelbaum
Division of Law, Ethics, and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York 10032, USA
N Engl J Med 357:1834-40. 2007
"A fool for a client?" Mental illness and the right of self-representationPaul S Appelbaum
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
Psychiatr Serv 59:1096-8. 2008..California in 1975, which established the right of criminal defendants to represent themselves; and Godinez v. Moran in 1993, which upheld the Dusky standard for trial-related competence...
Evaluation of "subject advocate" procedures in the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) schizophrenia studyT Scott Stroup
Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7160, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 7160, USA
Schizophr Bull 32:147-52. 2006..Nonspecific benefits included good public relations and engagement of family members. Improved training regarding the procedures may be needed to achieve specific goals of enhanced patient autonomy and retention in the study...
The 'quiet' crisis in mental health servicesPaul S Appelbaum
Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, USA
Health Aff (Millwood) 22:110-6. 2003..Unless purchasers demand effective coverage of mental health treatment, mental health services will likely continue to wither away...
Willingness of subjects with thought disorder to participate in researchPhilip J Candilis
Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
Schizophr Bull 32:159-65. 2006..Because of differences in severity of illness, cognition, and reasoning among subjects who decline to participate in research, greater attention to this population appears warranted...
Law & psychiatry: Gun laws and mental illness: how sensible are the current restrictions?Paul S Appelbaum
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, USA
Psychiatr Serv 61:652-4. 2010..The laws may deter people from seeking treatment for fear of losing the right to possess firearms and may reinforce stereotypes of persons with mental illnesses as dangerous...
Consent form readability and educational levels of potential participants in mental health researchPaul P Christopher
Department of Psychiatry, Brown Medical School, Butler Hospital, 345 Blackstone Blvd, Providence, RI 02906, USA
Psychiatr Serv 58:227-32. 2007....
The therapeutic misconception: problems and solutionsCharles W Lidz
Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
Med Care 40:V55-63. 2002..The therapeutic misconception is a serious problem for informed consent in clinical research...
The origins of commitment for substance abuse in the United StatesKathleen Thomsen Hall
Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester 01655, USA
J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 30:33-45; discussion 46-8. 2002..The legacy of the early years of substance abuse commitment lives on...
Privilege in the Federal Courts: should there be a "dangerous patient exception"?Paul S Appelbaum
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
Psychiatr Serv 59:714-6. 2008....
Consent for intravenous thrombolysis in acute stroke: review and future directionsStephanie R White Bateman
Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
Arch Neurol 64:785-92. 2007....
Therapeutic misconception and the appreciation of risks in clinical trialsCharles W Lidz
Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Ave North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
Soc Sci Med 58:1689-97. 2004..The results of this research suggest that subjects often sign consents to participate in clinical trials with only the most modest appreciation of the risks and disadvantages of participation...
Law enforcement interviews of hospital patients: a conundrum for cliniciansPaul M Jones
Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, USA
JAMA 295:822-5. 2006
Ethical issues in psychiatric geneticsPaul S Appelbaum
Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
J Psychiatr Pract 10:343-51. 2004..Neglect will lead others to set the rules that will control medical practice, including the practice of psychiatry, in the new world of genetic medicine...
Therapeutic misconception in clinical research: frequency and risk factorsPaul S Appelbaum
Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, USA
IRB 26:1-8. 2004
Law & psychiatry: deception, coercion, and the limits of interrogationPaul S Appelbaum
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
Psychiatr Serv 60:422-4. 2009..The courts were asked to decide whether the confession was involuntary, and thus not admissible as evidence, on the basis of whether the deception was coercive...
Substance use, symptom, and employment outcomes of persons with a workplace mandate for chemical dependency treatmentConstance Weisner
Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Ave, Box F 0984, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
Psychiatr Serv 60:646-54. 2009..This study examined the role of workplace mandates to chemical dependency treatment in treatment adherence, alcohol and drug abstinence, severity of employment problems, and severity of psychiatric problems...
Against the grain? A reasoned argument for not closing a state hospitalJeffrey L Geller
Center for Mental Health Services Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
Psychiatr Q 76:177-94. 2005....
Commentary: psychiatric advance directives at a crossroads--when can PADs be overridden?Paul S Appelbaum
Division of Psychiatry, Law and Ethics, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 34:395-7. 2006..Even in those circumstances, however, where PADs provide evidence of reasonable patient preferences (e.g., for one medication over another), the choices they embody should be respected...
Re-evaluating the therapeutic misconception: response to Miller and JoffePaul S Appelbaum
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
Kennedy Inst Ethics J 16:367-73. 2006..In the absence of empirical studies on the steps required to dispel TM and the impact of such procedures on subject recruitment, it is premature to surrender to the belief that TM must be widely tolerated in clinical research...
Involving decisionally impaired subjects in research: the need for legislationPaul S Appelbaum
Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 10:120-4. 2002
Assessing competence to complete psychiatric advance directives with the competence assessment tool for psychiatric advance directivesDebra Srebnik
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, 98105, USA
Compr Psychiatry 45:239-45. 2004..Such use of the CAT-PAD may allow clinicians to better trust the content of PADs, which may, in turn, increase the likelihood PADs will be honored...
Law & psychiatry: Can a psychiatrist be held responsible when a patient commits murder?Paul S Appelbaum
Psychiatr Serv 53:27-9. 2002
Issues for DSM-V: DSM-V should include a conceptual issues work groupKenneth S Kendler
Am J Psychiatry 165:174-5. 2008
Ethics and forensic psychiatry: translating principles into practicePaul S Appelbaum
New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 36:195-200. 2008..Though problematic behavior still exists, forensic psychiatry offers the factual background and interpretive context to allow legal decision-makers to make better choices than they otherwise would...
Decisional capacity of severely depressed patients requiring electroconvulsive therapyMaria I Lapid
Department of Psychiatry and Psychology and dagger Department of Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
J ECT 19:67-72. 2003..Education improved their decisional capacity. There is an endpoint beyond which additional educational intervention does not result in measurable improvement in decisional capacity...
Use of leverage to improve adherence to psychiatric treatment in the communityJohn Monahan
University of Virginia School of Law, 580 Massie Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
Psychiatr Serv 56:37-44. 2005..Logistic regression was used to examine associations between clinical and demographic characteristics and receipt of different types of leverage...
Addressing the ethical, legal, and social issues raised by voting by persons with dementiaJason H Karlawish
Department of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Institute on Aging, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
JAMA 292:1345-50. 2004..In some instances, extrapolation from existing policies and research permits reasonable recommendations to guide policy and practice. However, in other instances, additional research is necessary...
Decisional capacity of depressed elderly to consent to electroconvulsive therapyMaria I Lapid
Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 17:42-6. 2004..They showed greater improvement in decisional capacity with education. The findings highlight the importance of providing education to the elderly to optimize their ability to give informed consent...
Impact of decisional capacity on the use of leverage to encourage treatment adherencePaul S Appelbaum
Division of Psychiatry, Law and Ethics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
Community Ment Health J 42:121-30. 2006..No strong or consistent associations were found between capacity and use of leverage, raising questions about the basis on which decisions to employ leverage are being made...
To commit or not to commit: the psychiatry resident as a variable in involuntary commitment decisionsS Pirzada Sattar
Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha VA Medical Center, 4101 Woolworth Ave 116A, Omaha, Nebraska 68105, USA
Acad Psychiatry 30:191-5. 2006....
Violence and mental disorders: data and public policyPaul S Appelbaum
Am J Psychiatry 163:1319-21. 2006
The capacity to appoint a proxy and the possibility of concurrent proxy directivesScott Y H Kim
University of Michigan Bioethics Program, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 0429, USA
Behav Sci Law 24:469-78. 2006..We first propose a rationale for assessing the capacity to appoint a proxy and then describe a novel interview instrument for assessing the capacity to appoint a proxy for research consent...
Prevalence and correlates of adequate performance on a measure of abilities related to decisional capacity: differences among three standards for the MacCAT-CR in patients with schizophreniaLaura B Dunn
University of California, San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, United States
Schizophr Res 89:110-8. 2007..These findings underscore the need for refinement of capacity assessment procedures and for improvements in the use of capacity assessment tools for screening purposes and to assist in categorical capacity determinations...
The classification of violence riskJohn Monahan
School of Law, University of Virginia, 580 Massie Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903 1789, USA
Behav Sci Law 24:721-30. 2006..In this article, the development of the COVR software is described and several issues that arise in its administration are discussed...
Competence to complete psychiatric advance directives: effects of facilitated decision makingEric B Elbogen
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Brightleaf Square Suite 23 A, 905 West Main Street, DUMC Box 3071, Durham, NC 27710, USA
Law Hum Behav 31:275-89. 2007....
Hindsight bias among psychiatristsH W LeBourgeois
Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1440 Canal Street, TB 53, 10th Floor, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 35:67-73. 2007....
Mental health training for law enforcement professionalsHeidi S Vermette
Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Mental Health 116A, 4500 South Lancaster Road, Dallas, TX 75216, USA
J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 33:42-6. 2005..This survey suggests that police officers are interested in learning more about working with persons with mental illness and view it as an important aspect of the job...
Maintaining informed consent validity during lengthy research protocolsKristen J Prentice
University of Maryland School of Medicine, USA
IRB 29:1-6. 2007
Anticipating issues related to increasing preimplantation genetic diagnosis use: a research agendaRobert Klitzman
College of Physicians and Surgeons and Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA
Reprod Biomed Online 17:33-42. 2008..Improved understanding of these issues will ultimately enhance the development and implementation of future clinical guidelines and policies...
