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| Rexford AhimaSummaryAffiliation: University of Pennsylvania Country: USA Publications
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Publications
Central actions of adipocyte hormonesRexford S Ahima
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
Trends Endocrinol Metab 16:307-13. 2005..Moreover, data pertaining to the potential central effects of adiponectin, cytokines and resistin on energy homeostasis, glucose and lipid metabolism are discussed...- Adipokines and the peripheral and neural control of energy balanceRexford S Ahima
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
Mol Endocrinol 22:1023-31. 2008..Understanding adipokine signaling in the brain and other organs will provide insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of obesity, diabetes and various metabolic disorders... - Adipokines that link obesity and diabetes to the hypothalamusRexford S Ahima
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Prog Brain Res 153:155-74. 2006..Understanding the signal transduction of adipocyte hormones will provide novel insights on the pathogenesis and treatment of obesity, diabetes, and various metabolic disorders... - Adipose tissue as an endocrine organRexford S Ahima
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
Obesity (Silver Spring) 14:242S-249S. 2006..As with leptin, adiponectin requires the central melanocortin pathway. Furthermore, adiponectin stimulates fatty acid oxidation and reduces glucose and lipids, at least in part, by activating AMPK in muscle and liver... - Obesity: much silence makes a mighty noiseRexford S Ahima
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
Gastroenterology 132:2085-6. 2007 - Brain regulation of appetite and satietyRexford S Ahima
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 415 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 37:811-23. 2008..The pathogenesis and treatment of obesity and abnormalities of glucose and lipid metabolism are discussed... - Leptin signalingRexford S Ahima
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 415 Curie Boulevard, 764 Clinical Research Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
Physiol Behav 81:223-41. 2004..This review will focus on the signaling pathways which mediate these diverse effects of leptin in the brain and other physiologic systems... - Revisiting leptin's role in obesity and weight lossRexford S Ahima
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
J Clin Invest 118:2380-3. 2008..Thus, leptin is a critical factor linking reduced energy stores to eating behavior. Potentially, leptin therapy could sustain weight loss by overriding the tendency toward energy conservation... - Linking adiponectin to proteinuriaRexford S Ahima
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
J Clin Invest 118:1619-22. 2008..The benefits of adiponectin were observed in diabetic and nondiabetic mice. These findings suggest that adiponectin is a biomarker for kidney disease and may be targeted for prevention and treatment... - No Kiss1ng by leptin during puberty?Rexford S Ahima
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
J Clin Invest 121:34-6. 2011..In contrast, deletion of LepR from the ventral premammillary nucleus, a region of the brain involved in sexual behavior, prevented puberty and fertility. These findings highlight the complex biology of leptin in reproduction... - Estrogen sulfotransferase is expressed in subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese humans in association with TNF-alpha and SOCS3Rexford S Ahima
Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96:E1153-8. 2011..Animal studies suggest that EST modulates glucose and lipid metabolism in adipose tissue, but it is unknown whether EST is expressed in human adipose tissue and, if so, how its expression relates to features of the metabolic syndrome... - Appetite suppression and weight reduction by a centrally active aminosterolRexford S Ahima
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 764 Clinical Research Building, 415 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
Diabetes 51:2099-104. 2002..These findings indicate that MSI-1436 acts in the brain to regulate food intake and energy expenditure, likely through suppression of orexigenic hypothalamic pathways... - Antagonism of ghrelin for glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus?Rexford S Ahima
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
Endocrinology 148:5173-4. 2007 - Metabolic actions of adipocyte hormones: focus on adiponectinRexford S Ahima
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
Obesity (Silver Spring) 14:9S-15S. 2006..A causal role of adiponectin in diabetes, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerosis has been established in knockout mice. Therefore, adiponectin seems to be a marker of obesity-related diseases and a potential therapeutic target... - Leptin regulation of neuroendocrine systemsR S Ahima
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
Front Neuroendocrinol 21:263-307. 2000..g., paraventricular, lateral, and perifornical areas, as well as other sites in the brainstem, spinal cord, and cortical and subcortical regions... - Adipose tissue as an endocrine organR S Ahima
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 764 CRB, 415 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
Trends Endocrinol Metab 11:327-32. 2000..Other adipose products, for example, proinflammatory cytokines, complement factors and components of the coagulation/fibrinolytic cascade, may mediate the metabolic and cardiovascular complications associated with obesity... - Postnatal regulation of hypothalamic neuropeptide expression by leptin: implications for energy balance and body weight regulationR S Ahima
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 764 Clinical Research Building, 415 Curie Blvd, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Regul Pept 92:1-7. 2000.... - Digging deeper into obesityRexford S Ahima
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, and The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
J Clin Invest 121:2076-9. 2011..This issue of the JCI highlights important concepts in our understanding of the pathogenesis of obesity and its complications... - Brain adipocytokine action and metabolic regulationRexford S Ahima
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, 764 Clinical Research Building, 415 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
Diabetes 55:S145-54. 2006..Understanding the actions of these "adipocytokines" will provide insight into the pathogenesis and treatment of obesity and related diseases... - Molecular regulation of eating behavior: new insights and prospects for therapeutic strategiesR S Ahima
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, 764 CRB, 415 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
Trends Mol Med 7:205-13. 2001..Major efforts are underway to determine whether the peripheral and central pathways involved in the regulation of feeding behavior and energy balance could be targeted for the treatment of obesity... - Adipokines in obesityRexford S Ahima
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
Front Horm Res 36:182-97. 2008.... - Divergent effects of leptin in mice susceptible or resistant to obesityN Takahashi
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
Horm Metab Res 34:691-7. 2002..These results indicate that differences in leptin responsiveness between strains might occur centrally or peripherally, leading to alteration in the patterns of food intake, thermogenesis and energy storage... - The hormone resistin links obesity to diabetesC M Steppan
Department of Medicine, The Penn Diabetes Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104, USA
Nature 409:307-12. 2001..Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by adipocytes is enhanced by neutralization of resistin and is reduced by resistin treatment. Resistin is thus a hormone that potentially links obesity to diabetes... - Postnatal leptin surge and regulation of circadian rhythm of leptin by feeding. Implications for energy homeostasis and neuroendocrine functionR S Ahima
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
J Clin Invest 101:1020-7. 1998..The temporal relationship between leptin and other hormones in neonatal and adult mice suggests that leptin is involved in the maturation and function of the neuroendocrine axis... - CRTC2 (TORC2) contributes to the transcriptional response to fasting in the liver but is not required for the maintenance of glucose homeostasisJohn Le Lay
Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
Cell Metab 10:55-62. 2009..Collectively, these results provide genetic evidence supporting a role for CRTC2 in the transcriptional response to fasting, but indicate only a limited contribution of this cofactor to the maintenance of glucose homeostasis... - Leptin accelerates the onset of puberty in normal female miceR S Ahima
Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
J Clin Invest 99:391-5. 1997..We propose that leptin is the signal that informs the brain that energy stores are sufficient to support the high energy demands of reproduction, and may be a major determinant of the timing of puberty... - Regulation of neuronal and glial proteins by leptin: implications for brain developmentR S Ahima
Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
Endocrinology 140:2755-62. 1999..These findings suggest that leptin, a peripheral signal of energy stores in adult animals, is required for normal neuronal and glial maturation in the mouse nervous system... - Hormonal and metabolic defects in a prader-willi syndrome mouse model with neonatal failure to thriveM Stefan
Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104 6140, USA
Endocrinology 146:4377-85. 2005..Together, the data reveal defects in endocrine pancreatic function as well as glucose and hepatic energy metabolism that may underlie the neonatal phenotype of PWS... - Adipose differentiation-related protein regulates lipids and insulin in pancreatic isletsD M Faleck
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 299:E249-57. 2010..Moreover, the reduction of ADFP impaired the ability of palmitate to increase insulin secretion. These findings demonstrate that ADFP is important in regulation of lipid metabolism and insulin secretion in beta-cells... - The effects of a soluble activin type IIB receptor on obesity and insulin sensitivityI Akpan
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
Int J Obes (Lond) 33:1265-73. 2009..We treated mice on chow and high-fat diets with a soluble activin receptor type IIB (ActRIIB, RAP-031), which is a putative endogenous signaling receptor for myostatin and other ligands of the TGF-beta superfamily... - Critical role for thyroid hormone receptor beta2 in the regulation of paraventricular thyrotropin-releasing hormone neuronsE D Abel
Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Utah School of Medicine 15 North 2030 East, Building 533, Room 3410B, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
J Clin Invest 107:1017-23. 2001..Thus TR-beta2 is the key TR isoform responsible for T(3)-mediated negative-feedback regulation by hypophysiotropic TRH neurons... - Overcoming insulin resistance with CNTFRexford S Ahima
Nat Med 12:511-2. 2006 - Mouse and human resistins impair glucose transport in primary mouse cardiomyocytes, and oligomerization is required for this biological actionChristophe Graveleau
Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
J Biol Chem 280:31679-85. 2005..Thus, in cardiomyocytes, both mouse and human resistins directly impair glucose transport; and in contrast to effects on the liver, these actions of resistin require oligomerization... - Divergent metabolic adaptations to intestinal parasitic nematode infection in mice susceptible or resistant to obesityTracie Wong
Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Gastroenterology 133:1979-88. 2007..An environmental factor that may have shaped our energy homeostasis throughout evolution is parasitic nematode infection... - Gut peptides and other regulators in obesityMatthew T Scharf
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, 415 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
Semin Liver Dis 24:335-47. 2004..Efforts are underway to determine how these peripheral and central pathways may be targeted for treatment of obesity and related diseases... - Body fat, leptin, and hypothalamic amenorrheaRexford S Ahima
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
N Engl J Med 351:959-62. 2004 - A novel aminosterol reverses diabetes and fatty liver disease in obese miceNobuhiko Takahashi
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
J Hepatol 41:391-8. 2004..In contrast, weight loss from food restriction has no substantial effect on insulin resistance, lipids and hepatic steatosis... - Loss of resistin ameliorates hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis in leptin-deficient miceNeel S Singhal
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 415 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 295:E331-8. 2008..Together, these results demonstrate a crucial role of resistin in promoting hepatic steatosis and hyperlipidemia in obese mice... - Regulation of resistin expression and circulating levels in obesity, diabetes, and fastingMichael W Rajala
Department of Cell Biology and Diabetes Research and Training Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
Diabetes 53:1671-9. 2004..Taken together, these findings suggest that the nutritional regulation of resistin and changes in resistin gene expression and circulating levels in obesity are mediated, at least in part, through insulin and glucose... - Inhibition of ADRP prevents diet-induced insulin resistanceGladys M Varela
Department of Medicine, Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 415 Curie Blvd, 712A Clinical Research Bldg, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 295:G621-8. 2008..These results demonstrate an important role for ADRP in the pathogenesis of diet-induced insulin resistance... - Adiponectin acts in the brain to decrease body weightYong Qi
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, and The Penn Diabetes Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
Nat Med 10:524-9. 2004..Agouti (A(y)/a) mice did not respond to ADP or leptin, indicating the melanocortin pathway may be a common target. These results show that ADP has unique central effects on energy homeostasis... - Regulation of fasted blood glucose by resistinRonadip R Banerjee
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and The Penn Diabetes Center, 611 CRB, 415 Curie Boulevard, Universityof Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
Science 303:1195-8. 2004..Remarkably, lack of resistin diminishes the increase in post-fast blood glucose normally associated with increased weight, suggesting a role for resistin in mediating hyperglycemia associated with obesity... - Role of endogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 in islet regeneration after partial pancreatectomyDiva D De Leon
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104, USA
Diabetes 52:365-71. 2003..These studies point to a role for endogenous GLP-1 in beta-cell regeneration after Ppx in mice... - Central resistin induces hepatic insulin resistance via neuropeptide YNeel S Singhal
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
J Neurosci 27:12924-32. 2007..Together, these results suggest that resistin action on NPY neurons is an important regulator of hepatic insulin sensitivity... - Insulin secretion is increased in pancreatic islets of neuropeptide Y-deficient miceYumi Imai
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
Endocrinology 148:5716-23. 2007.... - Loss of resistin improves glucose homeostasis in leptin deficiencyYong Qi
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, DiabetesMetabolism, 764 Clinical Research Building, 415 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
Diabetes 55:3083-90. 2006..Together, these results provide strong support for an important role of resistin in insulin resistance and diabetes associated with genetic or diet-induced obesity... - Area postrema neurons are modulated by the adipocyte hormone adiponectinMark Fry
Department of Physiology, Queen s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L 3N6
J Neurosci 26:9695-702. 2006.... - Neuropeptide Y deficiency attenuates responses to fasting and high-fat diet in obesity-prone miceHiralben R Patel
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, 764 Clinical Research Building, 415 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
Diabetes 55:3091-8. 2006..Insulin, leptin, and triglyceride levels increase with adiposity in both wild-type and NPYko mice... - Ghrelin--a new player in glucose homeostasis?Rexford S Ahima
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
Cell Metab 3:301-2. 2006..These effects were not related to changes in food intake or weight, suggesting ghrelin has unique actions on key components of glucose homeostasis... - Neuroendocrine and metabolic effects of adipocyte-derived hormonesMalaka B Jackson
Division of Endocrinology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
Clin Sci (Lond) 110:143-52. 2006..Understanding the actions of adipocyte hormones will provide novel insights into the pathophysiology and treatment of obesity... - Innate immunity modulates adipokines in humansPaul D Anderson
Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104 6160, USA
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:2272-9. 2007..Chronic inflammation converges in type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis. Modulation of adipokine signaling by innate immunity in humans is of considerable interest given the role of adipokines in insulin resistance and atherosclerosis... - Reduction of hepatosteatosis and lipid levels by an adipose differentiation-related protein antisense oligonucleotideYumi Imai
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19010, USA
Gastroenterology 132:1947-54. 2007..We postulated that a reduction in ADRP would ameliorate hepatic steatosis and improve insulin action... - Neuroendocrine profiles associated with energy intake, sleep, and stress in the night eating syndromeKelly C Allison
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Weight and Eating Disorders Program, 3535 Market Street, Suite 3021, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:6214-7. 2005..Night eating syndrome (NES) is characterized by evening hyperphagia and frequent awakenings with ingestion of food. It is associated with obesity and depressed mood. Greater understanding of hormonal influences on NES is desirable... - Functional improvement of dystrophic muscle by myostatin blockadeSasha Bogdanovich
Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3700 Hamilton Walk, Richards A 601, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 6085, USA
Nature 420:418-21. 2002.... - Dominant inhibition of thyroid hormone action selectively in the pituitary of thyroid hormone receptor-beta null mice abolishes the regulation of thyrotropin by thyroid hormoneE Dale Abel
Division of Endocrinology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North 2030 East, Building 533, Room 3410B, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
Mol Endocrinol 17:1767-76. 2003.... - Ciliary neurotrophic factor and leptin induce distinct patterns of immediate early gene expression in the brainJoseph F Kelly
Department of Medicine and Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
Diabetes 53:911-20. 2004..Our findings support the hypothesis that CNTF and leptin engage distinct CNS sites and CNTF possesses inflammatory properties distinct from leptin... - Glomerular and tubular epithelial defects in kd/kd mice lead to progressive renal failureMichael P Madaio
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
Am J Nephrol 25:604-10. 2005..Recent identification of the mutant gene and the observation that podocytes are affected, led to the hypothesis that there are primary renal epithelial cell defects in this strain... - Obesity epidemic in need of answersRexford S Ahima
Gastroenterology 131:991. 2006 - Foxa2 integrates the transcriptional response of the hepatocyte to fastingLiping Zhang
Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
Cell Metab 2:141-8. 2005..We conclude that Foxa2 is required for execution of the hepatic gluconeogenic program by integrating the transcriptional response of the hepatocyte to hormonal stimulation... - Insulin resistance: cause or consequence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis?Rexford S Ahima
Gastroenterology 132:444-6. 2007 - Effects of TNF-alpha neutralization on adipocytokines and skeletal muscle adiposity in the metabolic syndromeJanet Lo
Program in Nutritional Metabolism, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, LON207, Boston, MA 02114, USA
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 293:E102-9. 2007..These findings may help to explain the lack of effect on insulin sensitivity and extend our knowledge of the biological effects of TNF-alpha neutralization in obesity... - Adiponectin selectively inhibits oxytocin neurons of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamusTed D Hoyda
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Queen s University, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
J Physiol 585:805-16. 2007....
Research Grants
- CNS Action of Appetite Suppressant AminosterolRexford Ahima; Fiscal Year: 2009..Understanding of the central neuronal actions MSI-1436 may elucidate novel targets for the treatment of obesity and related diseases. ..
- CNS Action of Appetite Suppressant AminosterolRexford Ahima; Fiscal Year: 2004..New pathways affected by MSI-1436 may elucidate novel cellular targets for the treatment of obesity. ..
- CNS Action of Appetite Suppressant AminosterolRexford S Ahima; Fiscal Year: 2010..Understanding of the central neuronal actions MSI-1436 may elucidate novel targets for the treatment of obesity and related diseases. ..