D A Cohen

..We discuss 5 regulations that are effective in reducing drinking and why they may be promising if applied to the obesity epidemic...

..Longer-term follow-up measures are needed to determine if the early increases in physical activity associated with the Fitness Zone installations are sustained...

..However, little is known about the availability of and participation in high school extracurricular sports and how participation in these sports is related to high-risk behaviors...

..The goal of this study was to examine the association between park proximity, park type, and park features and physical activity in adolescent girls...

..This study explores whether structural interventions may be a cost-effective way to prevent HIV in this population...

..If so, interventions to reduce high-risk sexual behaviour to prevent HIV or sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) may be more effective if they address the entire population, rather than target only those at the extremes of risk...

..The findings suggest that efforts to control sexually transmitted diseases, including gonorrhea and HIV, should address contextual factors that facilitate high-risk behaviors and disease transmission...

..The optimal allocation will involve a combination of intensive interventions for high-prevalence populations and inexpensive large-scale interventions for lower-prevalence populations...

..More research needs to be done in school and community settings to better identify their potential...

..Parks provide places for people to experience nature, engage in physical activity, and relax. We studied how residents in low-income, minority communities use public, urban neighborhood parks and how parks contribute to physical activity...

..Altering these environmental features may have greater than expected impact on health...

..Measurement tools such as the one we evaluated should be useful in studies of the impact of availability of food and beverages on consumption and on health outcomes...

....

....

....

..To assess how park characteristics and demographic factors are associated with park use...

..There are few studies in which these assumptions have been tested...

..We examined the relative associations of physical activity, fruit and vegetable consumption and 'junk food' consumption with BMI and the prevalence of relevant policies in school, work, food outlets and health-care settings...

..This study contrasted physical activity, fruit/vegetable consumption, and discretionary calorie consumption from selected foods relative to the 2005 dietary guidelines...

....

..During the past 40 y, there has been a trend toward more eating away from home, increased food availability, the opportunity to order extra-large portion sizes, and general weight gain...

..Communities need to identify cost-effective interventions for HIV prevention to optimize limited resources...

..In this study, we examined when and where youths have sex and whether there is a relationship between unsupervised time and sex, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and substance use...

..This study was conducted to determine whether beer consumption is associated with premature mortality across municipalities in Louisiana...

..Non-income characteristics associated with poverty should be further investigated. Interventions to determine whether these factors are causally related to health are needed...

..We explored the relationship between boarded-up housing and rates of gonorrhea and premature mortality...

..More than 40% of urban traffic fatalities are alcohol related and the rate of such fatalities varies more than 10-fold across U.S. cities. These variations might be explained by differences in local alcohol control policies and practices...

..Most public health studies on the neighborhood food environment have focused on types of stores and their geographic placement, yet marketing research has long documented the influence of in-store shelf-space on consumer behavior...

..55 to 0.72). Simple measurements of shelf space can be used by researchers to characterize the healthfulness of the food environment and by policymakers to establish criteria for favorable policy treatment of stores...

..Condom availability as an HIV/STD prevention strategy needs to be reprioritized and should be considered a critical foundation of all programs to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV...

..The effect of alcohol outlet density could be related to greater individual access to alcohol, an individual level effect, or to the grouping of drinkers by neighborhood, a structural effect at the neighborhood level...

..This paper builds on existing ecological theories of health behavior by specifying structural mechanisms by which population-level factors effect change in individual health behaviors...

..Understanding the causal pathway for overconsumption will be necessary to interrupt the mechanisms that lead to obesity...

..Routine screening for gonorrhea and Chlamydia infection should be considered in HIV clinics...

..Additional studies are needed to better understand the nature of environmental influences on birth outcomes...

..The United States has the highest prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases in the developed world. Control strategies should address the most frequent reasons why curable sexually transmitted diseases are not treated...

..While youth with lower BMI might be more likely to participate in sports, after school sports are a potential opportunity for prevention of obesity in adolescents...

..Other changes, such as menu calorie labeling, are likely to have a bigger impact on overweight and obesity...

..To explore the cost-effectiveness of a condom distribution programme...

..The conclusion is that the relationship between neighbourhood alcohol outlet density and alcohol consumption is complex and may vary due to differences in neighbourhood design and travel patterns...

..g., bus, bench) ads, and the Outdoor Advertising Association of America (OAAA) has pledged to voluntarily eliminate ads for alcohol and tobacco within 500 feet of schools, playgrounds, and churches...

..More research exploring how alcohol availability types vary by community and their relationship to alcohol-related harms should be conducted...

..We employ spatial analytic methods in an attempt to identify the geographic distribution of the core HIV/AIDS group...

..Collaboration among many disciplines is needed...

....

..The results from this study suggest that raising the profile of existing facilities may help increase physical activity among adolescent girls...

..This study investigates to what extent design guidelines are likely to stimulate walking...

..A new taxonomy not only clarifies the content of preventive interventions but highlights neglected strategies involving individual biological interventions and structural interventions to prevent STD/HIV transmission...

....

..Use of preexposure antibiotic prophylaxis for syphilis control has been limited by concerns about acceptability and adverse behavioral effects...

..1% reported no symptoms, and treatment was documented for 75.9%. Sports physicals offered a unique opportunity to screen and treat adolescents for STDs and to provide STD-prevention counseling...

..To study the association between objective measures of suburban sprawl and chronic medical conditions and mental health disorders in the USA...

..The purpose of this study was to examine the association of perceived physical neighborhood factors with physical activity, sedentary behavior, and BMI among adolescent girls...

..20, 1.56; P<0.001)]. Contact with an outreach worker mediated condom use. The mechanism of effect may be related to direct contact with an outreach worker and condom distribution rather than to broader community mobilization...

..A school-based sexually transmitted disease (STD) screening program was implemented in eight New Orleans public high schools to detect chlamydia and gonorrhea...

..One possible reason might be the quality of available foods in their area. Location of grocery stores where individuals shop and its association with BMI were examined...

....

..SOPARC can potentially be used for assessing future community level interventions as well as for population level surveillance of PA. ..

..SOPARC can potentially be used for assessing future community level interventions as well as for population level surveillance of PA. ..

....

..SOPARC can potentially be used for assessing future community level interventions as well as for population level surveillance of PA. ..

..The findings will be useful to inform future community and population level interventions to promote healthy eating, active living, and obesity control. ..

....

..The findings will inform future HIV prevention interventions and provide guidance to CBOs as to whether control of alcohol outlets and neighborhood development may enhance the prevention of HIV transmission. ..

..abstract_text> ..

..Because alcohol marketing is already regulated, if certain marketing techniques are disproportionately associated with alcohol consumption and alcohol-related mortality, the findings can be used to inform public policy. ..

..The findings will be useful to inform future community and population level interventions to promote healthy eating, active living, and obesity control. ..