S Wacholder

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..An FPRP-based criterion for deciding whether to call a finding noteworthy formalizes the process already used informally by investigators--that is, tempering enthusiasm for remarkable study findings with considerations of plausibility...

..We investigated the degree of bias likely from population stratification in U.S. studies of cancer among non-Hispanic Caucasians of European origin...

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..For example, ACR provides a useful comparison of the potential benefits of efforts to prevent breast cancer and to prevent ovarian cancer among women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation...

..01) and lung cancer (ptrend = 0.01) increased with increasing cumulative exposure to benzene. Investigations continue to relate benzene exposure to specific lymphatic and hematopoietic malignancies and other causes of death...

..Even with accurate estimates of the likelihood of carrying a mutation and the likelihood of developing cancer if a mutation is detected, the most vexing clinical problems remain...

..We study the trade-off between robustness and efficiency using simulation experiments. The method is illustrated by analysis of the data from the Washington Ashkenazi Study...

..CONCLUSIONS: HPV screening that distinguishes HPV16 and HPV18 from other oncogenic HPV types may identify women at the greatest risk of > or = CIN3 and may permit less aggressive management of other women with oncogenic HPV infections...

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..Detailed descriptions of long-term persistence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the absence of cervical precancer are lacking...

..Our findings emphasize the necessity of post-GWAS fine mapping and SNP functional assessment to further elucidate cancer risk associations...

..1 (rs999737; P = 1.74 x 10(-7)) localizes to RAD51L1, a gene in the homologous recombination DNA repair pathway. We also confirmed associations with loci on chromosomes 2q35, 5p12, 5q11.2, 8q24, 10q26 and 16q12.1...

..Our confidence in the assessment method is supported by the observation of a strong positive trend between benzene poisoning and various measures, especially recent intensity of exposure to benzene...

..We find that positive history of a single first-degree relative significantly increases risk of the non-carriers (RR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.6-2.6) but has little or no effect on the carriers...

..Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are known to cause most cervical cancer worldwide, but the utility of HPV DNA testing in cervical cancer prevention has not been determined...

..We assessed the level and persistence of reduction of ovarian (including peritoneal) cancer risk after gynecologic surgeries for women who carry BRCA1/2 mutations but were not selected from high-risk clinics...

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..However, for BPC cancers, which have modest familial aggregation, our analysis suggests that risk models based on common variants alone will have modest discriminatory power (63.5% area under curve), even with new discoveries...

..The CIN3 is a substantially more reproducible diagnosis that can be validated more frequently with HPV tests and cytological interpretations than CIN2...

..Although residual confounding by tobacco smoking cannot be ruled out, this finding may reflect interplay between alcohol and smoking, emphasizing the need for preventive measures...

..Our findings point to multiple loci with moderate effects associated with susceptibility to prostate cancer that, taken together, in the future may predict high risk in select individuals...

..The association between renal cell carcinoma (RCC) risk and family history of cancer has not been examined with an adequate number of African Americans (AAs)...

..Risk of developing colorectal, breast and other cancers were compared between genotyped I1307K carriers and non-carriers and their first-degree relatives...

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..Finally, by gaining a more comprehensive understanding of environmental and genetic risk factors, there should emerge new clinical and public health strategies aimed at preventing and controlling cancer...

..23-1.80) and decreased (OR = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.61-0.87) lung cancer risk, respectively. FH of lung cancer and nonmalignant lung diseases affected lung cancer risk independently, and did not appear to be modified by FH of smoking...

..Further investigation is warranted to determine whether rs10993994 alone or in combination with additional variants contributes to prostate cancer susceptibility...

..The present study was carried out to verify these associations...

..Tobacco smoking is responsible for over 90% of lung cancer cases, and yet the precise molecular alterations induced by smoking in lung that develop into cancer and impact survival have remained obscure...

..This formulation extends to the general problem of distortion of joint effects from selection biases or confounding...

..This sharp trend between benzene hematotoxicity and estimated exposure to benzene indicated that the exposure-estimation method used in this cancer epidemiology study is reliable...

..There are few known risk factors for renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Two small hospital-based case-control studies suggested an association between short blood telomere length (TL) and increased RCC risk...

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..We evaluated whether dietary factors could explain the higher incidence of pancreatic cancer experienced by black Americans compared with white Americans...

..5% for WH) between the 2 groups of women. Although WH have a similar prevalence of carcinogenic HPV infection, compared with WNH without a cervix, they have minimal risk of HPV-induced cancer and are unlikely to benefit from HPV testing...

..The lack of evident severe abnormalities associated with HPV18 and related HPV types might have implications for screening for poorly detected glandular and alpha7-related lesions...

..A study using suboptimal controls can have acceptable type I error when an effective strategy for the correction of PS is employed...

..Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been consistently associated with increased risk of lung cancer. However, previous studies have had limited ability to determine whether the association is due to smoking...

..The development of new approaches to testing for interaction is an example of methodological progress leading to practical advantages...

..These patterns need to be confirmed in other studies and populations. We suggest that these genetically distinct groups of HPV types may differ in tissue preferences, which may contribute to their differences in carcinogenic potential...

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..We wanted to explore early HPV natural history and CIN 3 prospectively...

..We conclude that the focus group approach can contribute to a broad strategy for improving questionnaires and methods for conducting paediatric cancer epidemiological research...

..These findings suggest that the medical community should emphasize persistence of cervical HPV infection, not single-time detection of HPV, in management strategies and health messages...

..The potential range of HPV genotype attribution is wide at the disease categories <CIN2 to CIN3. Genotyping from cervical lesions and analyzing viral oncogene expression can improve estimates of HPV genotype attribution...

..To estimate the agreement among multiple expert colposcopists evaluating high-resolution digitized cervigrams taken from patients with a variety of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection states and previous cervigram interpretations...

..Viruslike particle human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines were designed to prevent HPV infection and development of cervical precancers and cancer. Women with oncogenic HPV infections might consider vaccination as therapy...

..In conclusion, hc2 cross-reacts with certain untargeted, noncarcinogenic HPV genotypes that are phylogenetically related to the targeted genotypes, but the degree of cross-reactivity may be less than previously reported...

..The impact of loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) treatment for cervical precancerous lesions on subsequent acquisition of new human papillomavirus (HPV) infections is not well described...

..We aimed to test this hypothesis using previously unpublished data from eight European, Canadian, and US case-control studies of the International Lymphoma Epidemiology Consortium (InterLymph)...

..In conclusion, a lung cancer GWAS identified a distinct hereditary contribution to adenocarcinoma...

..In a population-based case-control study of kidney cancer involving an interview and optional biospecimens, we examined whether mentioning the biospecimens in the initial contact letter adversely affects willingness to be interviewed...

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..CONCLUSION These analyses suggest that the HER2 valine allele might be associated with increased risk of breast cancer, especially in young women and in women with a family history of the disease...

..Nonetheless, the semi-parametric approach appears to be a practical advance...

..Larger viral genomic studies are warranted, especially to identify the genetic basis for HPV16's unique carcinogenicity...

..2, showed a promising association with PrCa overall (P=2.14x10(-6)), with a suggestion of stronger association with aggressive disease (P=1.2x10(-7))...

..However, these potential risk factors have not been adequately studied in prospective studies...

..We evaluated determinants of seropositivity among 646 women infected with HPV-16 and/or HPV-18...

..The challenge lies in sorting through the information and developing effective strategies to advance molecular diagnostics...

..Younger age at first birth and greater parity generally reduce the risk of developing breast cancer, but whether this reduced risk holds in women with a mutation in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene is unknown...

..Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 or HPV18 elicits an antibody response, but whether the elicited antibodies protect women against subsequent infection by a homologous HPV type compared with seronegative women is unknown...

..In a large prospective cohort, we assessed the role of C trachomatis in cervical premalignancy and addressed confounding by HPV...

..We also evaluate the performance of the proposed estimation method, based on simulated data that were generated following the setup of the Washington Ashkenazi Study...

..Nonetheless, these observations do not support the idea that BRCA1 mutation carriers have a lower ratio of male offspring than BRCA2 mutation carriers...

..These results present several clear clues and research directions in our ongoing efforts to understand HPV carcinogenesis...

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..Associations between polymorphisms in other NAT and GST genes and bladder-cancer risk have been inconsistent...

..In some populations, HPV prevalence demonstrates a second peak in older women. Longitudinal data may help to explain this second peak...

..3% (95% CI, 74.7-91.4%), respectively. We conclude that pooling specimens and testing by PCR may be useful for discriminating HPV DNA-positive from completely negative specimen sets in women who are likely to have been HPV DNA-negative.>..

..The minimal increases in sensitivity and in negative predictive value achieved by adding HPV types to DNA tests must be weighed against the projected burden to thousands of women falsely labeled as being at high risk of cervical cancer...

..To assess whether vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV) increases the risk of miscarriage...

..In summary, our case-control study of lung cancer among women in northeast China revealed an elevated risk associated with the CYP1A1 I462V genotype, but no interaction with smoking or indoor air pollution was found...

..Although pneumonia has been suggested as a risk factor for lung cancer, previous studies have not evaluated the influence of number of pneumonia diagnoses in relation to lung cancer risk...

..Genomewide association studies have identified multiple genetic variants associated with breast cancer. The extent to which these variants add to existing risk-assessment models is unknown...

..We are now using these sharpened diagnostic categories to search for novel biomarkers predicting the risk of progression and invasion...

..Investigations on the molecular distinctions along the disease continuum of cervical pathogenesis by HPV type are needed...

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..3 x 10(-10), heterozygote OR = 1.17, 95% CI 1.10-1.24; homozygote OR = 1.33, 95% CI 1.21-1.45). This defines a new locus associated with prostate cancer susceptibility on 8q24...

..We investigated HPV16 and 18 seroepidemiology among young, unvaccinated women aged between 18 and 25...

..We evaluated whether simultaneous screening with a Pap test and human papillomavirus (HPV) testing is useful for assessing the risk for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 3 or cervical cancer...

..Although genetic variation in TP53 might affect the natural history of HPV and cervical cancer, further work is needed to elucidate the possible mechanism...

..We examined host genetic factors to identify those more common in individuals whose human papillomavirus (HPV) infections were most likely to persist and progress to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (CIN3) and cancer...

..e., A3/A4/A15) may have a predilection for vaginal epithelium...

..We also find that, in the context of flexible design, the joint analysis is generally more powerful than the replication analysis...

..If applied wisely, HPV-related technology can minimise the incidence of cervical cancer, and the morbidity and mortality it causes, even in low-resource settings...

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..The absolute risk of a subsequent abnormal Pap test for these women is uncertain. Therefore, the proper counseling and clinical management of these women is also uncertain...

..A new framework of research is needed to address the challenges offered by this complex disease...

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..Our findings support previous reports that a high intake of red meat and a sedentary life-style may increase the risk of colon cancer...

..Among HPV-positive women, multiparity and smoking are risk factors for HSIL/CA. Oral contraceptive use may be associated with HSIL/CA in subgroups of women...

..This study explored the risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) associated with participation by household members in hobbies or other home projects involving organic solvents...

..Further evaluation of susceptibility for hematotoxicity and hematological malignancy among workers with a history of occupational exposure to benzene is warranted...

..Investigators should be aware that the increased efficiency of the case-only design is a consequence of a strong assumption and that this design can perform poorly if the assumption is violated...

..Although the probability that these ER-negative findings are false-positive results is high, these findings were consistent across each cohort examined and warrant further study...