R Troisi

..Diethylstilbestrol (DES), a synthetic estrogen widely prescribed to pregnant women during the 1940s70s, has been shown to cause reproductive problems in the daughters. Studies of prenatally-exposed males have yielded conflicting results...

..These data are not consistent with the hypothesis that elevated androgen concentrations mediate the observed reduction in maternal breast cancer risk associated with increases in blood pressure over the pregnancy...

..These data provide some evidence that osteosarcoma is related to size at birth and in early adolescence, while earlier puberty in male subjects may be protective...

..Given that the population is still young, continued follow-up is necessary to assess the overall carcinogenic impact of prenatal DES exposure...

..06 and P = 0.12, respectively). These data do not support the hypothesis that the lower breast cancer risk in daughters of pre-eclamptic pregnancies is explained by lower in utero estrogen exposure...

..However, data on hormonal levels related to these characteristics of pregnancy are sparse, particularly those from studies of the fetal circulation...

..Alterations in pregnancy hormone concentrations, particularly lower in utero exposure to oestrogen, are hypothesized to mediate this association...

..Studies using maternal hormone concentrations as a proxy for the fetal environment should consider the misclassification resulting with the use of this marker...

..To assess whether preeclampsia risk is elevated in pregnancies of diethylstilbestrol (DES)-exposed daughters...

..Androgen concentrations in male, preeclamptic pregnancies were consistent with the hypothesis that elevated pregnancy androgens might mediate this apparent modifying effect of fetal gender...

..In addition, investigations should explore the possibility that in utero exposures may not act directly on the breast, but may alter other physiologic pathways such as hormone metabolism that have their effect on risk later in life...

..The meaning of the change in findings for estrogens after controlling for factors related to the pregnancy is unclear with regard to explaining international breast cancer differences...

..Androgens and estrogens were higher in younger than older mothers. These data are consistent with elevated hormone concentrations mediating the breast cancer protection from a first pregnancy and pregnancies occurring at younger ages...

..In these data, high birth weight was associated with breast cancer risk in younger and in more educated women, but was not associated overall...

..The epidemiologic studies addressing these early factors will be reviewed, consistency with proposed biologic mechanisms will be addressed and recommendations for future research will be presented...

..The association with breast cancer mortality was more evident in trial participants, who received high DES doses...

..Specifically, these studies show an elevated incidence of reproductive tumors in the female offspring of prenatally-exposed mice...

..Whether menopausal hormone replacement therapy using a combined estrogen-progestin regimen increases risk of breast cancer beyond that associated with estrogen alone is unknown...

..The association between menopausal hormone replacement therapy and ovarian cancer is unclear...

..We present PVE as a topic for consideration in population-based studies, examples of the types of studies where PVE may be relevant, and our own analysis of one such study in the text below...

..Recent findings have cast doubt on the hypothesis that high intakes of fruit and vegetables are associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer...

..We hypothesized that genetic variation in TP53 could be associated with OS risk based on its critical role in cell growth and effect of somatic mutations in OS tumors...

..The objective of the study was to determine whether blood pressure increases are associated with maternal angiogenic factors in uncomplicated and preeclamptic pregnancies...

..These data are consistent with hypotheses that in utero hormonal exposures may explain some of the ethnic group differences in cancer risk...

..Our results are not consistent with an effect of pregnancy weight gain being mediated by this pathway as reflected by hormone concentrations at the end of pregnancy...

..We report menstrual and reproductive characteristics in a unique cohort comprising daughters of women exposed prenatally to DES...

..The adverse effects of prenatal exposure on the genitourinary tract in men and the reproductive tract in women are well established, but the possible effects on psychosexual characteristics remain largely unknown...

..The possibility that active cigarette smoking modifies this effect is also suggested...

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..Previous studies have suggested an association between endocrine-disrupting compounds and secondary sex ratio...

..Dutch investigators have reported a 20-fold increase in risk of hypospadias among sons of women who were exposed to DES in utero. We assessed this relation in data from an ongoing study of DES-exposed persons...

..The findings support the hypothesis that prenatal hormone levels influence breast cancer risk...

..At the start of this study, cigarette smoking history was obtained directly from the mother...

..Age at menopause has been related, albeit inconsistently, to several exposures, but, to the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to suggest that a prenatal exposure may influence reproductive lifespan...

..To investigate the association between prenatal diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure and risk of benign gynecologic tumors...

..These results support the hypothesis that factors that determine intrauterine growth could be important for aggressive forms of prostate cancer in adulthood...

..92 (95% confidence interval: 0.80, 1.04) comparing the exposed with the unexposed. In conclusion, prenatal DES exposure was not associated with a significant decrease in either fecundability or secondary sex ratio...

..We evaluated the relation of in-utero DES exposure to the risk of adult breast cancer...

..To estimate whether women exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol (DES) report receiving more cervical and general physical examinations compared to unexposed women...