J A Vilensky

..In conclusions, the absence of a clear justification for the diagnosis of PEP in many of the 16 cases suggests that the accepted relationship between encephalitis lethargica and PEP may be less definitive than currently believed...

..Contrary to traditional teaching in anatomy courses, historical data suggest that bilateral loss of phrenic nerve function does not necessarily result in death...

..We describe the most complete record of EL and PEP moving images that have been preserved and make them available in edited form...

..g., women's suffrage). Accordingly, we compiled, for the first time, a complete listing of his writings. We briefly describe here some of the characteristics of his bibliography, which is available on the Journal's web site...

..We also evaluated these writings relative to contemporary views of motor cortex function...

..quot; We invite readers to identify the condition, on the basis of Horsley's description...

..We suggest it has become a fable that should no longer be repeated...

..These unique behavioral abnormalities may provide the earliest clear indication of new encephalitis lethargica cases, whether alone or in concert with an influenza epidemic...

..The posterior ligament of the human sacroiliac joint was examined for nerves and nerve endings using histologic and immunohistochemical techniques...

..The second paper uses these finding, and also examines the clinical justifications for concluding that all patients with PEP had prior acute episodes of EL, to reevaluate the presumed direct etiologic relationship between EL and PEP...

..g., the cingulate region, thereby preserving to a certain extent discrete use of the forelimbs...

..These data should provide a baseline by which to compare groups in which recovery from stumbling is known to be deficient (e.g., the elderly)...

..Large cerebellar lesions also interfere with reflex responses mediated by visual and vestibular systems. More limited cerebellar ablations have similar, but less severe effects...

..We suggest that the aberrant posture exhibited by cats during backward walking is more related to ethological factors than to biomechanical ones...

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..e., encephalitis lethargica was not solely responsible for the etiology of postencephalitic parkinsonism, thus aligning the latter with most other parkinsonian disorders that are now believed to have multiple causes...

..Some Russian clinicians emphasized an increased prevalence of EL among Jews and a relationship with illness and trauma, whereas others found strong evidence for contagion, especially in rural areas...

..This program, which reflected Denny-Brown's British training, was remarkably effective and served as a model for rest of the country...

..This suggests that there is an underlying physiological basis to the widely-held belief that, in humans, lower limb recovery after stroke is generally more complete than that of the upper limb...

..For example, his hypothesis offers an important perspective in understanding the paradoxical success of stereotaxic surgery to alleviate the symptoms of Parkinson's disease...

..To delineate Sir Victor Horsley's influence on neurosurgeons who subsequently reported (through 1950) on the effects of motor cortex extirpation surgery...

..The authors review the importance of these reports and provide edited digital versions of the films Denny-Brown made of the five patients described in the initial reports...

..However, the neuropathology of acute EL cases from the epidemic period was actually much more widespread...

..In 1951, BAL was used to treat Wilson's disease with striking success. Today, BAL might again become prominent should terrorists or governments use Lewisite against civilians or military forces...

..Further, these muscles, especially the superior, have been implicated in myofascial pain syndromes and therefore may have greater clinical relevance than commonly attributed to them...

..Our analysis suggests that the "motor" cortex serves important sensory functions; hence, the term sensorimotor cortex, remains appropriate for the primate precentral (and postcentral) cortex...

..The evidence for intra-articular injections and radiofrequency neurotomy has been shown to be limited in managing sacroiliac joint pain...

..Sir Victor Horsley apparently first used electrical stimulation diagnostically in 1884 and slightly later (1886) to define epileptic foci...

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..Although opioids are known to inhibit testosterone production and bone formation, no prior study has investigated the relationship between opioid use in male subjects and bone mass density measurements...

..Several of Horsley's students, most notably George Murray, continued and extended his work by examining other ways in which myxedema and cretinism could be treated (e.g., by injecting an extract of thyroid tissue)...

..The films demonstrate the variety of dystonic movements appreciated during this period, consider psychogenic, postencephalitic, and hereditary forms, and refer to the treatment of dystonia by surgery and plaster casts...

..Almost 100 years after the EL epidemic, its etiology remains enigmatic, raising the possibility of a recurrence of EL in a future influenza pandemic...