Walter Willett

..Proper nutrition appears to protect against cataracts. Few studies have related nutrition to the odds of developing cortical or posterior subcapsular (PSC) cataracts...

..This database is intended for use in a wide range of nutritional research, from in vitro and cell and animal studies, to clinical trials and nutritional epidemiological studies...

..In other applications, epidemiology will be most successful when it is closely integrated with other areas of human biology...

..These analyses suggest that dietary guidelines should be evaluated for their ability to predict the occurrence of major illness, and that such analyses can help refine these guidelines...

..These findings have substantial relevance for many populations in Asia, where incidence of type 2 diabetes is rising rapidly...

..To provide an overview of research relevant to the Mediterranean diet...

..Reductions of linoleic acid to "improve" this ratio would likely increase rates of cardiovascular disease and diabetes...

..These data provide additional evidence that informative measurements of dietary fat can be obtained by carefully constructed food frequency questionnaires...

..Thus, a balanced approach should provide the best data to make informed choices about the most effective means to prevent disease...

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..The benefits appeared to be primarily for cardiovascular disease and not for cancer...

..001). CONCLUSION: Increases in caffeine intake may lead to a small reduction in long-term weight gain...

..We examined prospectively intakes of vitamins A. C, and E, folate, and specific carotenoids in relation to the risk of basal cell carcinoma of the skin (BCC) in women...

..89, 95% CI: 0.81, 0.98; p(trend) = 0.01). The authors' findings suggest that higher intake of long-chain omega-3 fatty acid (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) and consumption of fish may modestly reduce the risk of cataract...

..Many foods have been suggested to influence the risk of stroke. However, no previous studies have examined the relationship between overall dietary patterns and risk of stroke...

..Previous studies have linked full-calorie sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) with greater weight gain and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes...

..The associations between homocysteine, B vitamin status, and pregnancy outcomes have not been examined prospectively...

..To examine dietary fat and meat intake in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes...

..Similarly, the possibility that the consumption of dairy products has a role in protecting against gout has been raised by metabolic studies. We prospectively investigated the association of these dietary factors with new cases of gout...

..Although many foods and nutrients are associated with lung function or symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the relation between overall diet and newly diagnosed COPD is not known...

..Increased PA, particularly high intensity activities, is associated with better maintenance of weight loss. The benefits of activity were greater among overweight/obese than normal weight women...

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..We assessed the association between magnesium intake and fasting insulin levels in a large cohort of women...

..However, the effects of intakes of these vitamins on risk of stroke are still uncertain. This study examines intakes of folate, vitamin B6, and B12 in relation to risk of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke...

..Prospective cohort studies in Japanese populations have shown an inverse association between dietary protein and stroke risk. However, this association has not been examined among any study populations of US men...

..To examine the association between major dietary patterns and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a cohort of women...

..When vegetable sources of fat and protein are chosen, these diets may moderately reduce the risk of coronary heart disease...

..6) was 2.71 (95% CI: 1.24, 5.93; P for trend = 0.01). Neither dietary GI nor total carbohydrate intake was related to drusen. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that dietary GI may be an independent risk factor for ARM...

..Aspirin also inhibits the cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme and may share with n-3 fatty acids a potential mechanism to decrease the risk of colorectal cancer...

..To assess the association between preconception homocysteine and B vitamin status and risk of clinical spontaneous abortion in women from Anqing, China...

..Diets high in fat do not appear to be the primary cause of the high prevalence of excess body fat in our society, and reductions in fat will not be a solution...

..We investigated whether a price increase on regular (sugary) soft drinks and an educational intervention would reduce their sales...

..64-1.48) for fruit intake, and 0.76 (0.50-1.17) for vegetable intake. CONCLUSIONS: We did not find evidence that fruit and vegetable consumption protects against peripheral arterial disease, although a modest benefit cannot be excluded...

..Additionally, potential differences in risk of gout posed by different alcoholic beverages have not been assessed...

..Although it has been hypothesized that the diabetes-depression relation is bidirectional, few studies have addressed this hypothesis in a prospective setting...

..However, a Western-type diet may elevate risk of breast cancer among smokers, and a prudent diet may protect against estrogen receptive-negative tumors...

..To examine the relationship between alcohol consumption and the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus among relatively young and middle-aged women...

..5. Our results add support that overweight and obesity are modifiable risk factors for colon cancer among men and suggest that weight has an important influence on colon cancer risk even in later life...

..Although several comprehensive dietary questionnaires have been validated and calibrated in healthy populations, similar studies have not been performed among cancer patients...

..CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest a modest positive association between the consumption of potatoes and the risk of type 2 diabetes in women. This association was more pronounced when potatoes were substituted for whole grains...

..CONCLUSIONS: Obesity and physical inactivity independently contribute to the development of CHD in women. These data underscore the importance of both maintaining a healthy weight and regular physical activity in preventing CHD...

..CONCLUSIONS: Since fortification, folic acid intake among the US population has increased, and there are substantial variations by age, gender, and race/ethnicity...

..Certain dietary components may play a role in the prevention of type 2 diabetes...

..We examined the association between adolescent fiber intake and proliferative BBD, a marker of increased breast cancer risk, in the Nurses' Health Study II...

..76). These data suggest that both low and high birth weights are associated with higher adult BMI and support the hypothesis that fetal experience may influence adult obesity with potential consequences for risk of several major cancers...

..Findings from observational studies suggest an inverse association between lactation and premenopausal breast cancer risk, but results are inconsistent, and data from large prospective cohort studies are lacking...

..Our findings do not support the hypothesis that a high glycemic index diet, a high glycemic load diet, or high carbohydrate intake overall are associated with risk of colorectal adenoma...

..Factors other than anovulation are likely to mediate the protection conferred by a high BMI...

..86 and RR = 0.92, respectively; P(heterogeneity) = 0.03). Body fatness at young ages has a strong and independent inverse relation to breast cancer risk throughout life...

..97 (95% CI: 0.62, 1.52) for vitamin E, and 1.11 (95% CI: 0.82, 1.51) for vitamin A. In conclusion, the authors did not observe any strong associations between antioxidant consumption and the risk of primary open-angle glaucoma...

..Results of observational and intervention studies have been inconsistent...

..The role of long-chain omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids (LCFAs) in the development of T2DM remains unresolved. Objective: We examined the association between dietary LCFAs and incidence of T2DM in 3 prospective cohorts of women and men...

..The present study was designed to examine the associations between dietary fat and the change in nuclear lens opacification over five years...

..Caffeine acutely increases blood pressure, but the association between habitual consumption of caffeinated beverages and incident hypertension is uncertain...

..We assessed the hypothesis that higher trans fatty acid contents in erythrocytes were associated with an elevated risk of CHD in a nested case-control study among US women...

..Associations for total fruits and vegetables were similar for different histologic types. These results suggest that fruit and vegetable consumption in adulthood has no important association with the risk of ovarian cancer...

..Advancing age did not attenuate the increased risk of death associated with obesity. Lean men (BMI<20) did not have excess mortality, regardless of age...

..Further study is needed to clarify the relation between dietary fat and cataract risk...

..CONCLUSIONS: Our findings do not support an association between total mercury exposure and the risk of coronary heart disease, but a weak relation cannot be ruled out...

..Since components of nuts may have antiarrhythmic properties, part of the benefit may be due to a reduction in sudden cardiac death...

..Only 2 studies have evaluated the relation between having been breastfed and the risk of adult cardiovascular events...

..2 [CI, 8.07 to 15.6]) was associated with a particularly high risk for type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that a western dietary pattern is associated with a substantially increased risk for type 2 diabetes in men...

..CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes is a strong risk factor for PSC opacities, and overweight and abdominal adiposity may be risk factors for PSC opacities...

..CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that long-term coffee consumption is associated with a statistically significantly lower risk for type 2 diabetes...

..We conclude that higher intake of vitamin D is not associated with a lower risk of incident hypertension...

..However, we cannot rule out the possibility that our results are due to residual confounding by smoking. The primary focus for reducing lung cancer incidence should continue to be smoking prevention and cessation...

..We assessed the validity of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) among pregnant women...

..CONCLUSIONS: This study showed a significant association between number of teeth at baseline and risk of coronary heart disease and the mechanisms to explain this association should be further clarified...

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..We aimed to determine whether associations of phobic anxiety with several known markers of CVD might be contributors...

..CONCLUSIONS: Waist gain may be modulated by changes in trans fat and fiber consumption, smoking cessation, and physical activity...

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..To determine whether birth weight and adult body size interact to predict coronary heart disease in women, as has been observed for men. To determine whether birth weight and adult body size interact to predict risk of stroke...

..While a strong inverse association has been reported between dairy consumption and the insulin resistance syndrome among young obese adults, the relation between dairy intake and type 2 diabetes is unknown...

..These data do not support an important relation between fat or cholesterol intakes and lung cancer risk. The means to prevent this important disease remains avoidance of smoking...

..Low plasma concentrations of folate, vitamins B-12 and B-6, older age, being male, and living in urban areas were all independently associated with elevated tHcy, with low folate as the strongest determinant...

..Stratifying by BMI at age 18 at a cutoff point of 21 kg/m2 gave similar results. Larger bra cup size at a young age is associated with a higher incidence of premenopausal breast cancer, though this association is limited to leaner women...

..5 cm. Our findings underscore the critical importance of maintaining weight and waist to reduce the risk of diabetes...

..PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Dietary evaluation and recommendations can be incorporated into dental visits to provide a greater benefit to patients...

..Fructose-rich beverages such as sugar-sweetened soda and orange juice can increase serum uric acid levels and, thus, the risk of gout, but prospective data on the relationship are limited...

..Resolution of these issues is needed to provide optimal guidance regarding healthy diets, and the newly funded Adventist Health Study will contribute importantly in this effort...

..Mutagenic compounds produced when meats are cooked at high temperatures have been hypothesized to increase risk of breast cancer...

..Data from mechanistic studies support a beneficial effect of specific flavonoids on insulin sensitivity. However, few studies have evaluated the relation between intakes of different flavonoid subclasses and type 2 diabetes...

..Walking is the most common activity among older adults, and evidence suggests that it can increase femoral bone density and reduce fracture risk...

..Percent body fat estimated from BIA was minimally predictive of the physiological markers independent of BMI. DISCUSSION: These results suggest that BIA is not superior to BMI as a predictor of overall adiposity in a general population...

..Because foods are consumed together and nutrients may interact, dietary patterns are an alternative way of characterising diet. A study was undertaken to assess the relation between dietary patterns and newly diagnosed COPD in men...

..01). CONCLUSIONS: These prospective data do not support an overall protective relation between plasma carotenoids or tocopherols and future MI risk among men without a history of prior cardiovascular disease...

..We investigated whether physical activity is associated with reduced incidence of premenopausal breast cancer, and, if so, what age period and intensity of activity are critical...

..Future prospective studies should examine the influence of cooking practices as well as other dietary habits on the risk of pancreatic cancer...

..09; 95% CI, 1.07-4.07 for ever use versus nonuse). Estrogen-progestin use, both sequential and continuous, appears to be more strongly associated with risk of breast cancer than use of estrogen alone...

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..Inflammation is considered a key mechanism leading to type 2 diabetes, but dietary exposures that lead to inflammation and diabetes are largely unknown...

..12, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.24). In conclusion, toenail nicotine levels are predictive of CHD among women independent of other risk factors and remained significant even after adjustment for history of cigarette smoking...

..These findings suggest that red wine does not contribute appreciably to the etiology of prostate cancer...

..The Principal Investigator, Dr Walter Willett, and Co-Principal Investigator, Dr W Allan Walker, have established strong and vigorous pre- and postdoctoral ..

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..Already, this study has identified multiple potentially modifiable risk factors for breast cancer in young women, and the extended follow-up should provide further information on the prevention of this and other important diseases. ..

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..In addition to the above aims, the NHS II provides the exposure data and initial case identification to examine many other important outcomes among young women. ..

..The findings will contribute importantly to the prevention and prognosis of major cancers of men and women. ..

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..Already, this study has identified multiple potentially modifiable risk factors for breast cancer in young women, and the extended follow-up should provide further information on the prevention of this and other important diseases. ..