Howard Hu

..08, 2.70). No association was found with blood lead level. These results support the hypothesis that cumulative exposure to lead, even at low levels sustained by the general population, may increase the risk of hypertension...

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..These results suggest that the variant ALAD-2 allele modifies lead kinetics possibly by decreasing lead uptake into cortical bone and increasing the mobilization of lead from trabecular bone...

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..These questions may have utility in screening for individuals with MCS in general population survey studies...

..Arsenic is clearly carcinogenic, and cadmium is now being recognized as a contributor to osteoporosis. This article reviews these and other issues of concern in the practice of primary care...

..004). These results augment evidence of a deleterious association between lead and psychiatric symptoms...

..As iron and lead promote oxidative damage, and hemochromatosis (HFE) gene polymorphisms increase body iron burden, HFE variant alleles may modify the lead burden and cognitive decline relationship...

..We evaluated the modifying influence of a delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) polymorphism on the relation between lead burden and cognition among older men...

..Previous studies have addressed the effects of prenatal exposure, but little is known about developmental effects of early postnatal exposure...

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..However, because human milk is the best and most complete nutritional source for young infants, breast-feeding should be encouraged because the absolute values of the effects are small within this range of lead concentrations...

..Given the association between iron deficiency and lead absorption, we hypothesized that variants in iron metabolism genes would predict higher blood lead levels in young children...

..Moreover, there was evidence that maternal self-esteem attenuated the negative effects of lead exposure, although the interaction fell short of conventional levels of statistical significance...

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..Among elderly men, subjects with HFE variants had lower patella lead levels. These effects may be mediated by alterations in lead toxicokinetics via iron metabolic pathways regulated by the HFE gene product and body iron stores...

..Recent evidence suggests that cumulative lead exposure among adults in nonoccupational settings can adversely affect cognitive function. Which cognitive domains are affected has not been explored in detail...

..We examined repeated measures of bone lead over 11 years to characterize long-term changes and identify predictors of tibia and patella lead stores in an elderly male population...

..Lead exposure and psychological stress have been independently associated with hypertension in various populations, and animal studies suggest that when they co-occur, their effects may be exacerbated...

..Given mounting evidence for adverse effects from excess manganese exposure, it is critical to understand host factors, such as genetics, that affect manganese metabolism...

..The data suggest that higher patella bone lead levels, a marker of mobilizable accumulated lead burden, are associated with a steeper decline over time in performance on the MMSE test among nonoccupationally exposed elderly men...

..Two HFE polymorphisms (C282Y and H63D) associated with increased iron uptake may modify the effect of metal-rich particles on the cardiovascular system...

..The impact of prenatal lead exposure on neurodevelopment remains unclear in terms of consistency, the trimester of greatest vulnerability, and the best method for estimating fetal lead exposure...

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..However, the modifying potential of psychosocial stress on the neurotoxicity of lead and their combined relationship to aging-associated decline have not been fully examined...

..Lead accumulates in the vasculature and is associated with vascular oxidative stress, which can promote functional and structural vascular disease...

..Monounsaturated fatty acids did not modify the relationship between lead levels in patella and breast milk. In conclusion, higher maternal dietary intake of PUFA may limit the transfer of lead from bone to breast milk...

..Changes in DNA methylation within white blood cells may result from cumulative exposure to environmental metals such as lead. Bone lead, a marker of cumulative exposure, may therefore better predict DNA methylation than does blood lead...

..3, -0.9) for the WRAVMA. Fish consumption of < or =2 servings/week was not associated with a benefit. Dietary recommendations for pregnant women should incorporate the nutritional benefits as well as the risks of fish intake...

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..The objective of this study is to investigate the mobilization of lead from bone to blood (endogenous exposure) in a large epidemiologic population...

..Cumulative prenatal lead exposure, as measured by maternal bone lead burden, has been associated with smaller weight of offspring at birth and 1 month of age, but no study has examined whether this effect persists into early childhood...

..Results demonstrate an interrelated role of lead burden and SES over the life course in relation to psychological functioning in older age...

..Additional research is needed to ascertain whether this constitutes a true gene-environment interaction and, if so, its clinical impact...

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..Recent data indicate that chronic low-level exposure to lead is associated with accelerated declines in cognition in older age, but this has not been examined in women...

..Lead exposure has been associated with higher blood pressure, hypertension, electrocardiogram abnormalities, and increased mortality from circulatory causes...

..CONCLUSIONS: High bone and blood lead increased the likelihood of hypertension, particularly among subjects with low dietary calcium intake. Dietary calcium may be helpful in prevention of hypertension induced by elevated lead burden...

..Exposure to lead is known to have adverse effects on cognition in several different populations. Little is known about the underlying structural and functional correlates of such exposure in humans...

..Altered heart rate variability (HRV), a marker of poor cardiac autonomic function, has been associated with sudden cardiac death and heart failure...

..These results suggest that subjects with the E4 isoform of APOE may have advantages over those with the E2 or E3 isoforms with respect to early life neuronal/brain development...

..Most toxicologic studies focus on a single agent, although this does not reflect real-world scenarios in which humans are exposed to multiple chemicals...

..We examined the associations of cadmium exposure with cardiovascular disease in nationally representative general Korean adults...

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..05 level. Tibia and blood lead had similar associations. We conclude that cumulative lead exposure, which bone lead levels reflect, could be a risk factor for psychiatric symptoms even at modest levels of exposure...

..Prenatal lead exposure is associated with deficits in fetal growth and neurodevelopment. Calcium supplementation may attenuate fetal exposure by inhibiting mobilization of maternal bone lead and/or intestinal absorption of ingested lead...

..Because of the importance of conducting additional research on adolescent lead toxicity, further improvements to the precision of KXRF measurement are needed...

..In addition, the magnitude of the association of blood lead level with TNF-R2 level increased with age in the study population...

..Individuals previously exposed to lead remain at risk because of endogenous release of lead stored in their skeletal compartments. However, it is not known if long-term cumulative lead exposure is a risk factor for tooth loss...

..Few studies of the general population have investigated risk factors for elevated levels of lead in bone in relation to occupation...

..We studied whether lead exposure biomarkers are associated with cognitive test scores, as well as the modifying effects of age on the lead-cognition relationship...

..The association between bone lead levels and mortality has not been explored...

..High manganese exposures have been associated with negative reproductive outcomes in animals, but few epidemiologic studies have examined the effects of human fetal manganese exposure...

..A reduction in the secondary sex ratio may be associated with exposure to environmental toxicants. Little data exists relating this outcome to lead exposure, a well-known reproductive toxicant...

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..0+/-22.5, respectively. Behavior ratings were not associated with blood lead level. Lead exposure is a significant problem among Indian children, with many having blood lead levels associated with increased neurodevelopmental risk...

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..Several studies have documented the presence of lead in lenses with cataract. The intrusion of lead into the lens may alter lens redox status and cause protein conformational changes that decrease lens transparency...

..Accumulating evidence has shown an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in general populations exposed to arsenic, but little is known about exposures during pregnancy and the association with gestational diabetes (GD)...

..81 (95% CI, 0.10-6.30). CONCLUSIONS: ID is associated with subsequent lead poisoning. These data are consistent with a biological mechanism of increased lead absorption among iron deficient children...

..Nevertheless, the results point to the potential utility of MRS in determining mechanisms of neurotoxicity not only for lead but also for other neurotoxicants as well...

..In addition, we also discuss methodologic challenges that arise in studies of occupationally and environmentally exposed subjects and those concerning race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status and other important covariates...

..Dietary calcium intake was assessed using a food-frequency questionnaire...

..Patient had low blood lead and protoporphyrin level during pregnancy until delivery. Delaying conception, lead chelation, and calcium supplementation can decrease fetal exposure...

..1 times those among infants in the low exposure group (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Intensive use of DEHP-containing medical devices in NICU infants results in higher exposure to DEHP as reflected by elevated urinary levels of MEHP...

..These findings suggest that low levels of lead contribute to impairments in cognitive function among elderly men...

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..To determine the effect of iron deficiency anemia on blood and tissue lead distribution...

..The role of lead exposure as a risk factor for hypertension is less well defined among women than among men. This case-control study assessed the relation of blood and bone lead concentrations to hypertension in women...

..The purpose of this study was to examine the association between iron deficiency and low-level lead poisoning...

..9. In this study we provide further support for the validity of KXRF measurements, particularly with respect to the patella...

..Measurement of plasma and bone lead may be important in accurately assessing fetal lead exposure and its major sources, particularly if exogenous exposures decline...

..Letrozole therapy was found to increase IGF-1 levels at 12 and 24 months...

..This study evaluated the relation of housing policies to risk of subsequent lead exposure in addresses where lead-poisoned children had lived...

..125) than in the lowest NTx tertile (beta for patella lead = 0.072). The results provide evidence that bone resorption influences the release of bone lead stores (particularly patella lead) into the circulation...

..0001). The Pb levels in milk from breastfeeding mothers ranged from 1.44 to 39 ng/g. Lead isotope ratios of the children's blood and of samples of village soil revealed a common Pb source or "fingerprint."..

..To determine whether a polymorphism the in delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) gene modifies the neurotoxicity of lead in older adults...

..This effect is probably attributable to mobilization of maternal bone lead stores, a phenomenon that may constitute a significant public health problem in view of the long residence time of lead in bone...

..CONCLUSIONS: Lead exposure is a significant problem of radiator repair work, a small industry that is abundant in Mexico and other developing countries...

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..Our study may help in targeting susceptible populations and identifying correctable factors for elevated BLLs in Mumbai and Delhi...

..Women should continue to eat fish during pregnancy but choose varieties with lower mercury contamination...

..7 - 13.4), consistent with the findings of the previous study. Given the wide confidence interval, our findings should be interpreted cautiously...

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..Additional research on bone lead levels in minorities and their socioeconomic and racial determinants is needed...

..There is growing interest in the evaluation of maternal blood testing as a marker for fetal exposure as well as the variable geographic distribution of these priority chemicals...

..Semen results provide new information on the semen-bone Pb relationship. Bone, especially trabecular one, proved to be a significant endogenous lead source for blood and semen burdens in reproductive aged men...

..Collectively, these data suggest that at elevated maternal blood Pb levels the developing fetus may be at greater risk of Pb exposure from increased maternal plasma Pb than otherwise predicted from whole-blood Pb levels...

..Using data from a prospective study conducted in Mexico City, Mexico, we evaluated the dose-effect relationship between blood lead levels and neurodevelopment at 12 and 24 months of age...

..We hope this mini-monograph will motivate renewed discussion of ways to protect lead-exposed adults in the United States and around the world...

..Chelation may have an adjunctive role in the medical management of highly exposed adults with symptomatic lead intoxication but is not recommended for asymptomatic individuals with low blood lead concentrations...

..These results support the hypothesis that release of bone lead stores increases during menopause and constitutes an internal source of exposure possibly associated with health effects in women in menopause transition...

..01, 1.04 per microgram lead/gm bone mineral). Odds ratios did not vary substantially after the authors adjusted for birth weight and other important determinants of head circumference...

..We performed a meta-analysis of the association of bone lead levels with systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and hypertension using published data...

..Reasons for the variability in survival among ALS cases are unknown but may include exposure to environmental neurotoxicants...

..Pregnancy and breastfeeding mobilize lead stored in bone, which may be a hazard for the fetus and infant. We tested the hypothesis that in lactating women a dietary calcium supplement will lower blood lead levels...