Paul Terry

..However, the results do not support an association with colon cancer risk, even with smoking of very long duration and high intensity...

..On the other hand, the use of iron supplements appeared to increase the risk (OR = 1.7, 95% CI = 0.9-3.3, P for trend = 0.03). The findings are discussed with respect to previous studies and the possible underlying mechanisms...

..41, 1.31), 0.69 (95% CI: 0.39, 1.24), 0.59 (95% CI: 0.32, 1.07), and 0.45 (95% CI: 0.23, 0.88) (p for trend = 0.03). The role of overall eating patterns in predicting colorectal cancer risk requires further investigation...

..22 (95% CI 0.99-1.59). Our findings suggest that smoking of very long duration and high intensity may be associated with increased risk of breast cancer...

..We have examined the evidence for an association between cigarette smoking and risk of endometrial cancer, including studies related to the proposed biological mechanisms...

..8-1.3; P-value for trend, 0.72). Total fish consumption was inversely associated with risk, although weakly. Our results suggest that the consumption of fatty fish, but not other types of fish, may decrease the risk of endometrial cancer...

..Overall, our data lend some support to the hypothesis that high folate intake is associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer...

..The underlying biological mechanisms of this association remain unclear...

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..To date, however, only one prospective cohort study has examined dietary carotenoids other than beta-carotene in relation to breast cancer risk...

..These findings require confirmation in future studies, as do suggestions of increased risk among women with certain genotypes...

..However, given that this is the first prospective cohort study of carotenoids in relation to colorectal cancer, further studies are warranted...

..Vitamin D intake was not clearly associated with risk. In sum, our data suggest that high calcium intake may lower colorectal cancer risk...

..Long-term cigarette smoking may be associated with an increased risk of epithelial ovarian tumours...

..78). No association was found for prostate cancer. We conclude that age is an important effect modifier of cancer risk associated with obesity and that obesity and overweight in young adult life may affect cancer risk also later in life...

..5 servings/wk) compared with women with the lowest (virtually none) was 0.88 (95% confidence interval = 0.60-1.29, P for trend = 0.15). When type of fish was examined separately, the association was similar for fatty and lean fish...

..The importance of physical activity for breast cancer risk seems to depend on birth cohort. The association may be limited to normal-weight postmenopausal women and overweight premenopausal women...

..The dietary patterns approach might be used in nutritional epidemiology as an alternative method of dietary assessment...

..To further explore this issue, we have examined these associations in a population that consumes relatively low amounts of fruit and vegetables and high amounts of cereals...

..3) with a statistically significant dose-risk trend (p < 0.05). Our results indicate that information bias is not likely to explain the discrepancy between the results of observational studies and of randomized-intervention trials...

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..These results support previous reports in which results were stratified by age or colorectal cancer site...

..Moderate relative risk reductions translate into weak absolute risk reductions for oesophageal cancers in Sweden...

..Cohort studies are few in number however and often suffer from a small number of cases, limited attention to confounding variables, and a low percentage of heavy coffee drinkers...

..Further elucidation of this association would be valuable from both etiologic and public health perspectives...

..These individuals in particular should be identified, with the goal of helping them find ways to include more fruit and vegetables in their diets...

..Our data do not support the strong, dose-dependent positive association with colon cancer found in the Finnish study...

..Drinking beverages very hot did not increase the risk for oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma, oesophageal adenocarcinoma, or gastric cardia adenocarcinoma...

..Our results may be relevant for the implementation of focused, cost-effective preventive measures...

..We found no evidence of an inverse association between either occupational or leisure time physical activity and risk of renal cell cancer in this prospective cohort...

..Our findings indicate that dietary factors associated with LES relaxation and transient GER (but perhaps not severe chronic reflux) are not associated with any important risk of esophageal malignancy...

..We did not find a genetic component to endometrial cancer. Our results confirm that environmental factors are the most important, especially physical activity, parity, and weight in young and middle age...

..Studies in animals have suggested that calcium may reduce the risk of colorectal cancer. However, results from epidemiologic studies of intake of calcium or dairy foods and colorectal cancer risk have been inconclusive...

..AVAILABILITY: The source code of the program and documentation on how to use it are freely available to non-commercial users at http://dir.niehs.nih.gov/dirbb/lifiles/softlic.htm..