Erica Spackman

Summary

Affiliation: Agricultural Research Service
Country: USA

Publications

  1. ncbi An avian influenza virus from waterfowl in South America contains genes from North American avian and equine lineages
    Erica Spackman
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U S Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
    Avian Dis 51:273-4. 2007
  2. ncbi H7N3 avian influenza virus found in a South American wild duck is related to the Chilean 2002 poultry outbreak, contains genes from equine and North American wild bird lineages, and is adapted to domestic turkeys
    Erica Spackman
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture ARS, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
    J Virol 80:7760-4. 2006
  3. ncbi The pathogenesis of turkey origin reoviruses in turkeys and chickens
    Erica Spackman
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, USDA ARS, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
    Avian Pathol 34:291-6. 2005
  4. ncbi Phylogenetic analyses of type A influenza genes in natural reservoir species in North America reveals genetic variation
    Erica Spackman
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, USDA ARS, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
    Virus Res 114:89-100. 2005
  5. ncbi Characterization of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza A viruses isolated from South Korea
    Chang-Won Lee
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605, USA
    J Virol 79:3692-702. 2005
  6. ncbi Characterization of low-pathogenicity H5N1 avian influenza viruses from North America
    Erica Spackman
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U S Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
    J Virol 81:11612-9. 2007
  7. ncbi Characterization of recent H5 subtype avian influenza viruses from US poultry
    Chang-Won Lee
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
    Avian Pathol 33:288-97. 2004
  8. ncbi Characterization and efficacy determination of commercially available Central American H5N2 avian influenza vaccines for poultry
    Dawn Eggert
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
    Vaccine 28:4609-15. 2010
  9. ncbi Enteric viruses detected by molecular methods in commercial chicken and turkey flocks in the United States between 2005 and 2006
    Mary J Pantin-Jackwood
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA 30605, USA
    Avian Dis 52:235-44. 2008
  10. ncbi Removal of real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) inhibitors associated with cloacal swab samples and tissues for improved diagnosis of Avian influenza virus by RT-PCR
    Amaresh Das
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Athens, GA 30605, USA
    J Vet Diagn Invest 21:771-8. 2009

Collaborators

Detail Information

Publications53

  1. ncbi An avian influenza virus from waterfowl in South America contains genes from North American avian and equine lineages
    Erica Spackman
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U S Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
    Avian Dis 51:273-4. 2007
    ..Two genes were most closely related to North American wild aquatic bird virus lineages and one gene was most closely related to an equine influenza virus from South America...
  2. ncbi H7N3 avian influenza virus found in a South American wild duck is related to the Chilean 2002 poultry outbreak, contains genes from equine and North American wild bird lineages, and is adapted to domestic turkeys
    Erica Spackman
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture ARS, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
    J Virol 80:7760-4. 2006
    ..The HA protein cleavage site and the results of pathogenesis studies in chickens were consistent with a low-pathogenicity virus, and the infective dose was 10(5) times higher for chickens than turkeys...
  3. ncbi The pathogenesis of turkey origin reoviruses in turkeys and chickens
    Erica Spackman
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, USDA ARS, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
    Avian Pathol 34:291-6. 2005
    ..Molecular characterization of the isolates revealed that the TRVs and chicken origin reoviruses had identical electropherotype profiles...
  4. ncbi Phylogenetic analyses of type A influenza genes in natural reservoir species in North America reveals genetic variation
    Erica Spackman
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, USDA ARS, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
    Virus Res 114:89-100. 2005
    ..A lack of clear temporal or spatial grouping shows that multiple lineages of virus co-circulate and precludes the development of an epidemiological map for influenza virus from these species...
  5. ncbi Characterization of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza A viruses isolated from South Korea
    Chang-Won Lee
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605, USA
    J Virol 79:3692-702. 2005
    ....
  6. ncbi Characterization of low-pathogenicity H5N1 avian influenza viruses from North America
    Erica Spackman
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U S Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
    J Virol 81:11612-9. 2007
    ....
  7. ncbi Characterization of recent H5 subtype avian influenza viruses from US poultry
    Chang-Won Lee
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
    Avian Pathol 33:288-97. 2004
    ..The outbreak in Texas with a more chicken-adapted H5N3 virus underscores the importance of ongoing surveillance and control efforts regarding the H5 subtype AI virus in the US...
  8. ncbi Characterization and efficacy determination of commercially available Central American H5N2 avian influenza vaccines for poultry
    Dawn Eggert
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
    Vaccine 28:4609-15. 2010
    ....
  9. ncbi Enteric viruses detected by molecular methods in commercial chicken and turkey flocks in the United States between 2005 and 2006
    Mary J Pantin-Jackwood
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA 30605, USA
    Avian Dis 52:235-44. 2008
    ....
  10. ncbi Removal of real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) inhibitors associated with cloacal swab samples and tissues for improved diagnosis of Avian influenza virus by RT-PCR
    Amaresh Das
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Athens, GA 30605, USA
    J Vet Diagn Invest 21:771-8. 2009
    ..The MagMAX-M protocol reported in the present study can be useful in extracting high-quality RNA for accurate detection of AIV from cloacal swabs and tissues by real-time RT-PCR...
  11. ncbi Biologic characterization of H4, H6, and H9 type low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses from wild birds in chickens and turkeys
    Antonio C Morales
    Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
    Avian Dis 53:552-62. 2009
    ..Specifically, detection is difficult because these viruses did not cause overt clinical disease or mortality, but only induced mild microscopic lesions and exhibited poor seroconversion...
  12. ncbi Characterization of low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses isolated from wild birds in Mongolia 2005 through 2007
    Erica Spackman
    U S Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, GA 30605, USA
    Virol J 6:190. 2009
    ..An important feature of Mongolia is that there is little domestic poultry production in the country, therefore AIV detection in wild birds would not likely be from spill-over from domestic poultry...
  13. ncbi The pathogenesis of low pathogenicity H7 avian influenza viruses in chickens, ducks and turkeys
    Erica Spackman
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, USDA ARS, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, GA, 30605, USA
    Virol J 7:331. 2010
    ..In this study twelve H7 LPAI virus isolates from North America were each evaluated for their comparative pathogenesis in chickens, ducks, and turkeys...
  14. ncbi The pathogenesis of H3N8 canine influenza virus in chickens, turkeys and ducks
    Enid T McKinley
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA 30605, USA
    Influenza Other Respi Viruses 4:353-6. 2010
    ....
  15. ncbi Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the S1 genome segment of turkey-origin reoviruses
    J Michael Day
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, USDA ARS, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
    Virus Genes 35:235-42. 2007
    ..This report supports the earlier suggestion that the TRVs are a separate virus species within the Orthoreovirus genus, and may provide some insight into TRV host specificity and pathogenesis...
  16. ncbi Analytical validation of a real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction test for Pan-American lineage H7 subtype Avian influenza viruses
    Erica Spackman
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA 30605, USA
    J Vet Diagn Invest 20:612-6. 2008
    ..Furthermore, the 2008 test was able to detect 100% (n = 27) of the H7 AI, V isolates recovered from North American wild birds in a 2006-2007 sample set, (none of which were detected by the 2002 H7 test)...
  17. ncbi NP, PB1, and PB2 viral genes contribute to altered replication of H5N1 avian influenza viruses in chickens
    Jamie L Wasilenko
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, USDA ARS, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
    J Virol 82:4544-53. 2008
    ..While the pathogenesis of AIVs in chickens is clearly dependent on the interaction of multiple gene products, we have shown that single-gene reassortment events are sufficient to alter the virulence of AIVs in chickens...
  18. ncbi Sequence analysis of recent H7 avian influenza viruses associated with three different outbreaks in commercial poultry in the United States
    Erica Spackman
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
    J Virol 77:13399-402. 2003
    ..Furthermore, analysis of the HA cleavage site amino acid sequence, a marker for pathogenicity in chickens and turkeys, shows a progression toward a cleavage site sequence that fulfills the molecular criteria for highly pathogenic AIV...
  19. ncbi A multiplex RT-PCR test for the differential identification of turkey astrovirus type 1, turkey astrovirus type 2, chicken astrovirus, avian nephritis virus, and avian rotavirus
    J Michael Day
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, USDA, ARS, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
    Avian Dis 51:681-4. 2007
    ..The specificity was further shown by testing 109 chicken specimens and 32 turkey specimens from commercial flocks with the appropriate test and sequencing the RT-PCR amplicons to confirm amplification of the correct target...
  20. ncbi Turkey origin reovirus-induced immune dysfunction in specific pathogen free and commercial turkey poults
    J Michael Day
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
    Avian Dis 52:387-91. 2008
    ..This immune dysfunction and bursal atrophy was not present in commercial poults inoculated at three weeks of age...
  21. ncbi Pathogenesis of type 2 turkey astroviruses with variant capsid genes in 2-day-old specific pathogen free poults
    Mary J Pantin-Jackwood
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA
    Avian Pathol 37:193-201. 2008
    ..In conclusion, TAstV-2 viruses with variant capsids produce a similar enteric disease in young turkeys and may also affect the immune system of the birds by causing bursal lymphoid depletion...
  22. ncbi Astrovirus, reovirus, and rotavirus concomitant infection causes decreased weight gain in broad-breasted white poults
    Erica Spackman
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
    Avian Dis 54:16-21. 2010
    ..Cloacal shedding of TAstV-2 and TRotV was evaluated by reverse-transcription PCR testing of cloacal swabs and minimal differences were observed among the treatment groups...
  23. ncbi Biologic characterization of chicken-derived H6N2 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in chickens and ducks
    Mark W Jackwood
    Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
    Avian Dis 54:120-5. 2010
    ..However, the viruses isolated in 2004 did not appear to replicate or cause more disease than earlier virus isolates...
  24. ncbi Phylogenetic analysis of Turkey astroviruses reveals evidence of recombination
    Mary J Pantin-Jackwood
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agriculture Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA
    Virus Genes 32:187-92. 2006
    ..Based on differing topologies of the capsid and polymerase gene phylogenetic trees, TAstV appears to undergo recombination...
  25. ncbi Domestic pigs have low susceptibility to H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses
    Aleksandr S Lipatov
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
    PLoS Pathog 4:e1000102. 2008
    ....
  26. ncbi Periodic monitoring of commercial turkeys for enteric viruses indicates continuous presence of astrovirus and rotavirus on the farms
    Mary J Pantin-Jackwood
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U S Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA
    Avian Dis 51:674-80. 2007
    ..The full impact on flock performance needs to be further determined...
  27. ncbi Development of an internal positive control for rapid diagnosis of avian influenza virus infections by real-time reverse transcription-PCR with lyophilized reagents
    Amaresh Das
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605, USA
    J Clin Microbiol 44:3065-73. 2006
    ..The same IPC in the form of armored RNA was also used to monitor the extraction of viral RNA and subsequent detection by RRT-PCR...
  28. ncbi Recombination resulting in virulence shift in avian influenza outbreak, Chile
    David L Suarez
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, Georgia, USA
    Emerg Infect Dis 10:693-9. 2004
    ..Sequence comparison of all eight gene segments showed the Chilean viruses were also distinct from all other avian influenza viruses and represent a distinct South American clade...
  29. ncbi Molecular characterization and typing of chicken and turkey astroviruses circulating in the United States: implications for diagnostics
    Mary J Pantin-Jackwood
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U S Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
    Avian Dis 50:397-404. 2006
    ..Based on these data, a revision of the present taxonomic classification for avian astroviruses within the genus Avastrovirus is warranted...
  30. ncbi Inactivated North American and European H5N2 avian influenza virus vaccines protect chickens from Asian H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus
    David E Swayne
    United States Department of Agriculture, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
    Avian Pathol 35:141-6. 2006
    ..They will be an adjunct to biosecurity measures to reduce virus transmission...
  31. ncbi Pekin and Muscovy ducks respond differently to vaccination with a H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) commercial inactivated vaccine
    Caran Cagle
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
    Vaccine 29:6549-57. 2011
    ..This information should be taken into account when developing effective vaccination programs for controlling H5N1 HPAI in different species of ducks...
  32. ncbi Detection of H5N1 high-pathogenicity avian influenza virus in meat and tracheal samples from experimentally infected chickens
    Amaresh Das
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U S Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
    Avian Dis 52:40-8. 2008
    ..In addition, the modified RNA extraction and RRT-PCR test on meat samples provide a rapid and sensitive method of identifying HPAI virus in illegal contraband or domestic meat samples...
  33. ncbi An evaluation of avian influenza diagnostic methods with domestic duck specimens
    Erica Spackman
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
    Avian Dis 53:276-80. 2009
    ..At all time points AGID detected antibody in substantially fewer samples than either ELISA or HI assay...
  34. ncbi Multiplex real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for the detection of three viruses associated with poult enteritis complex: turkey astrovirus, turkey coronavirus, and turkey reovirus
    Erica Spackman
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, USDA ARS, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
    Avian Dis 49:86-91. 2005
    ..ARV detection by RRT-PCR was compared with virus isolation and had similar sensitivity...
  35. ncbi Type A influenza virus detection and quantitation by real-time RT-PCR
    Erica Spackman
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA, USA
    Methods Mol Biol 436:19-26. 2008
    ..This chapter will provide an overview of the USDA-validated rRT-PCR procedure for the detection of type A influenza...
  36. ncbi Domestic poultry and SARS coronavirus, southern China
    David E Swayne
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U S Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
    Emerg Infect Dis 10:914-6. 2004
    ..This finding suggests that domestic poultry were unlikely to have been the reservoir, or associated with dissemination, of SARS coronavirus in the animal markets of southern China...
  37. ncbi Use of a novel virus inactivation method for a multicenter avian influenza real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction proficiency study
    Erica Spackman
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA 30605, USA
    J Vet Diagn Invest 17:76-80. 2005
    ..Variation in cycle threshold values among 35 data sets and 490 samples was minimal (CV = 5.19%), and sample identifications were highly accurate (96.7% correct identifications) regardless of real-time PCR instrumentation...
  38. ncbi Development of a real-time reverse-transcription PCR for detection of newcastle disease virus RNA in clinical samples
    Mark G Wise
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
    J Clin Microbiol 42:329-38. 2004
    ..Overall, a positive correlation was obtained between the RRT-PCR results and virus isolation for NDV from clinical samples...
  39. ncbi Development of a real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assay for type A influenza virus and the avian H5 and H7 hemagglutinin subtypes
    Erica Spackman
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
    J Clin Microbiol 40:3256-60. 2002
    ..The remaining samples were positive with only one detection method. Overall the sensitivity and specificity of the H7- and H5-specific RRT-PCR were similar to those of VI and HI...
  40. ncbi Avian influenza virus RNA extraction from tissue and swab material
    Erica Spackman
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA, USA
    Methods Mol Biol 436:13-8. 2008
    ..In this chapter, two well-established procedures for the isolation of AI virus RNA from common clinical specimen types and enriched virus stocks for further molecular applications will be presented...
  41. ncbi Detection and identification of the H5 hemagglutinin subtype by real-time RT-PCR
    Erica Spackman
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA, USA
    Methods Mol Biol 436:27-33. 2008
    ..This assay can identify the H5 hemagglutinin of any genetic lineage (North American or Asian) and either pathotype (highly pathogenic or low pathogenic), but does not differentiate between subtypes or pathotypes...
  42. ncbi Validation of a real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR assay for the detection of H7 avian influenza virus
    Janice Pedersen
    U S Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, IA 50010, USA
    Avian Dis 54:639-43. 2010
    ..S. Department of Agriculture procedure for the detection of H7 AIV. The 2008 H7 assay replaced the previously used (2002) assay, which does not detect H7 viruses currently circulating in wild birds in North and South America...
  43. ncbi Characterization of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from poultry in Pakistan 2006-2008
    Jamie L Wasilenko
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605, USA
    Virus Genes 44:247-52. 2012
    ....
  44. ncbi Evidence for a new avian paramyxovirus serotype 10 detected in rockhopper penguins from the Falkland Islands
    Patti J Miller
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA
    J Virol 84:11496-504. 2010
    ....
  45. ncbi Immunogenicity of fowlpox virus expressing the avian influenza virus H5 gene (TROVAC AIV-H5) in cats
    Kemal Karaca
    Merial Ltd, 115 Transtech Drive, Athens, Georgia 30601, USA
    Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 12:1340-2. 2005
    ..The vaccine described in this study and other poxvirus-vectored vaccines may be of value for the prophylaxis of AI virus-associated morbidity and mortality in mammals...
  46. ncbi A brief introduction to the avian influenza virus
    Erica Spackman
    Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA, USA
    Methods Mol Biol 436:1-6. 2008
    ..e., H1 and H3 in swine, H3 in horses, and H5 and H7 in chickens...
  47. ncbi Sequence analysis and receptor specificity of the hemagglutinin of a recent influenza H2N2 virus isolated from chicken in North America
    Laurel Glaser
    Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
    Glycoconj J 23:93-9. 2006
    ..Sequence analysis revealed that this HA is a member of the Eurasian clade, and receptor binding studies show that it maintains its specificity for the avian influenza virus alpha2-3 linked sialic acid receptor...
  48. ncbi Movements of birds and avian influenza from Asia into Alaska
    Kevin Winker
    University of Alaska Museum, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775, USA
    Emerg Infect Dis 13:547-52. 2007
    ....
  49. ncbi Characteristics of diagnostic tests used in the 2002 low-pathogenicity avian influenza H7N2 outbreak in Virginia
    Francois Elvinger
    Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
    J Vet Diagn Invest 19:341-8. 2007
    ....
  50. ncbi Influenza A virus infections in land birds, People's Republic of China
    A Townsend Peterson
    Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Research Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
    Emerg Infect Dis 14:1644-6. 2008
    ..Influenza A infection was found, particularly among migratory species. Surveillance programs for monitoring spread of these viruses need to be redesigned...
  51. ncbi A combination in-ovo vaccine for avian influenza virus and Newcastle disease virus
    John Steel
    Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029 6574, USA
    Vaccine 26:522-31. 2008
    ..We propose that this virus has potential as a safe in-ovo live, attenuated, bivalent avian influenza and Newcastle disease virus vaccine...
  52. ncbi Rarity of influenza A virus in spring shorebirds, southern Alaska
    Kevin Winker
    Emerg Infect Dis 14:1314-6. 2008