Michael Drummond

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..Additionally, an analytical critique of economic evaluations undertaken in Singapore is provided, and the prospects for economic evaluation in the future are discussed...

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..The principles are organized into four sections: (i) "Structure" of HTA programs; (ii) "Methods" of HTA; (iii) "Processes for Conduct" of HTA; and (iv) "Use of HTAs in Decision Making."..

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..However, given the relatively higher costs of conducting HTAs, the most efficient approach might be a combination of both policies...

..The objective of this study was to assess the extent to which the systematic review of the clinical literature informs the economic evaluation in NICE technology appraisals...

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..The aim of this study was to describe generally the development and present situation with health technology assessment (HTA) in the United Kingdom...

..This counterpoint article discusses the key issues in more detail and suggests ways in which NICE might improve, given the difficulties in making resource allocation decisions under a budget constraint...

..We also briefly discuss associated issues such as weighting of items in the checklists and give further clarifications regarding what we consider the most appropriate applications of the checklists to be...

..In each case examples are given from the literature and guidance is offered on how to detect flaws in economic evaluations...

..However, the sharing of the results from HTAs raises questions about their generalizability; namely, are the results of an HTA undertaken in one country relevant to another?..

..The results will inform future developments of the NHS EED database, which should increase its usefulness to researchers...

..Coverage decisions that consider cost effectiveness may lead to restrictions in access...

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..The project will therefore advance the state of the art in collecting, summarising, critiquing and disseminating economic evaluations of healthcare conducted within Europe...

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..In contrast, the economic evaluation of public health interventions raises additional methodological challenges. The paper identifies these challenges and provides suggestions for overcoming them...

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..The study design addresses important factors that may influence the effectiveness of the intervention, such as the pharmacist who delivers the messages, the health authority in which practices are located, and the size of a practice...

..The major perceived barrier to an increase in disease management was NHS suspicion of pharmaceutical companies (86% of all respondents), with the difficulty in drawing up contracts coming a close second (79%)...

..The implications of this method are discussed, guidance offered for economists new to guideline development and future areas of work identified...

..A cost-effectiveness analysis of high and low doses of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor lisinopril in the treatment of chronic heart failure...

..In particular, recommendations are given for choosing the range of quality of life instruments, sample size calculations for quality of life measurement and the measurement of quality of life in multinational studies...

..Given the increasing numbers of frail elderly people and the lack of up-to-date, good-quality evidence for all types of respite care, better-quality evidence is urgently needed to inform current policy and practice...

..Additionally, the analysis can be used to aid the efficient design of research. We discuss the implications of adoption of this new framework for regulatory and reimbursement decisions...

..In each case the evidence is considered alongside existing vaccination policies in the major developed countries. The paper also highlights areas where traditional economic evaluations may not adequately reflect the value of vaccines...

..Where data permitted, subgroups of carers and care recipients, for whom respite care is particularly effective or cost-effective, were to be identified...

..Future RCTs should use CONSORT guidelines; and observational data to provide information on the use of AEDs in actual practice, including details of treatment sequences and doses...

..A study in the U.K. found that arterial construction would cost around pounds 7,750 per person (1989 prices) and amputation around pounds 11,000 per person.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)..

..This provides a further mandate for clinical trials to evaluate the efficacy of population H. pylori screening and treatment in preventing mortality from gastric cancer and peptic ulcer disease...

..To determine the safety, clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of circular stapled haemorrhoidopexy (SH) for the treatment of haemorrhoids...

..Such data could potentially distinguish between these drugs in a clinically useful way. In addition, research examining whether somatic complaints are actually related to drug treatment or to the disorder itself would be informative...

..The aim of this study was to assess, from a payer perspective, the cost-effectiveness of tegaserod in the treatment of IBS patients, based on the TEgaserod in NORdic region (TENOR) trial data...

..This study aimed to determine whether the authors of economic evaluations use the best available evidence for clinical effectiveness...

..To help policymakers consider whether such a policy should be adopted more widely, we conducted an economic evaluation of lowering the age limit for routine influenza vaccination to 50 years in Brazil, France, Germany, and Italy...

..To overcome these information barriers in Japan, progress may be aided by the adoption of approaches used in other countries for data collection and guideline development...

..However, small but encouraging steps are now being taken towards the introduction of economic evaluations in Japanese medicine...

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..The lessons for inferring generalizability are not straightforward, although the implications of variation for decision making depend critically on the cost-effectiveness thresholds applying in Western Europe...

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..These include the methods used to deal with the absence of head-to-head trial data and the need to reflect time dependency in Markov transition probabilities...

..Further research is in progress on producing a weighted version of the checklist...

..Through these efforts, the OMERACT Economics Working Group aims to expedite and enhance the conduct and dissemination of methodological research in economic analyses in the rheumatic diseases...

..We explore the analytic issues by further analysing data from the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S)...

..This article explores the application of cost-effectiveness analysis in a comparison of eletriptan and sumatriptan in the acute treatment of migraine...

..Alternative approaches in the analysis of resource utilization, cost and cost-effectiveness are also presented. Finally, several of the analytic approaches are applied to actual data from a clinical trial...