Serena J Counsell

..This technique promises to be a useful tool for assessing connectivity in the developing brain and in infants with lesions...

..FA may aid prognostication and provide a biomarker for therapeutic or mechanistic studies of preterm brain injury...

..We also consider the utility of tools such as functional MRI, diffusion tensor imaging, and diffusion tractography in the neonatal population...

..Early lesions, except for cerebellar hemorrhage and major destructive lesions, do not show clear relationships with outcomes...

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..The aim of our study was to test this hypothesis by direct measurement of thalamic and lentiform nuclei volumes in preterm infants at term-equivalent age and term-born controls using manual volumetry...

..This study addresses the question: Is reduced global brain growth in the neonatal period inevitable after premature birth, or is it associated with specific medical risk factors?..

..This study demonstrates that TBSS provides an observer-independent method of identifying white matter abnormalities in the preterm brain at term equivalent age in the absence of focal lesions...

..CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that DEHSI represents an oligodendrocyte and/or axonal abnormality that is widespread throughout the cerebral WM...

..CONCLUSIONS: Infants with BPD have increased lung water and are susceptible to gravity-induced collapse and/or alveolar flooding in the dependent lung. Focal tissue damage appears to be distributed inhomogenously...

..0001). T2 values were not significantly reduced with increasing PMA in the thalami (P =.06). CONCLUSION: T2 values decrease with increasing PMA in the preterm brain...

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..This result focuses attention on brain growth and cortical development during the weeks following preterm delivery as a neural substrate for neurodevelopmental impairment after premature delivery...

..These data suggest that potentially modifiable respiratory morbidity is associated with widespread altered white matter microstructure in preterm infants at term-equivalent age...

..Deformation-based morphometry is a powerful tool for modelling the developing brain in health and disease, and can be used to test putative aetiological factors for injury...

..This suggests that preterm delivery disrupts specific aspects of cerebral development, such as the thalamocortical system...

..The atlas is publicly available at www.brain-development.org...

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..We now addressed the question whether cortical surface area growth after preterm birth is predicted by the severity of peri- and postnatal illness...

..Also, the resulting 4D atlas can serve as a good representative of the population of interest as it reflects both global and local changes. The atlas is publicly available at www.brain-development.org...

..There was no significant difference between ADC values in infants with DEHSI and those with overt white matter pathology. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides objective evidence that DEHSI represents diffuse white matter abnormality...

..The aim was to carry out the first voxel-based morphometry study of grey matter changes in the whole brain in schizophrenia associated with a history of seriously and violently offending...

..DTI analyzed by TBSS detects this treatment effect and is therefore a qualified biomarker for the early evaluation of neuroprotective interventions...

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..They can be explained by two related changes: a compensatory increase in functional connectivity within the default mode network; and a variable degree of structural disconnection that modulates this change in network function...

..Schizophrenia patients were chosen because of evidence of increased free radical-mediated damage and cerebral lipid peroxidation in this disorder...

..Bilateral symmetrical echogenic and echolucent areas in the white matter are frequently seen on the cranial ultrasound scans of apparently well preterm infants without overt pathology...

..Cranial ultrasonography (cUS) is the primary method used for evaluating the neonatal brain and it is important to know whether linear measurements made using this technique are accurate...

..These results suggest that patients with schizophrenia who have predominantly positive symptoms may not show neuroimaging-based signs compatible with the membrane phospholipid hypothesis of schizophrenia...

..These results place the emergence of RSNs largely during the period of rapid neural growth in the third trimester of gestation, suggesting that they are formed before the acquisition of cognitive competencies in later childhood...

..We conclude that lung water content is higher in preterm than in term infants and is associated with gravity-related changes consistent with dependent atelectasis...

..CONCLUSION: Myelination was evident in numerous gray and white matter structures in the very preterm brain. A knowledge of myelination milestones will allow delays to be detected at an early stage...

..We will review the use of DTI to study white matter maturation and injury in the preterm brain...

..This chapter reviews the literature reporting differential brain development following preterm birth, with emphasis on the morphological changes that correlate with neuropsychiatric impairment...

..These persistent brain perturbations associated with pregnancy indicate that, when postpartum physiologic and pharmacologic changes are measured, long-term effects may be expected in central nervous system processing...

..We conclude that treatment with ethyl-EPA is associated with beneficial motor and MRI changes...

..Our results suggest that in preterm infants at term equivalent age visual function is directly related to the development of white matter in the optic radiations...

..These have been used to quantify the growth of tissues occurring between these ages...

..In this review we describe how well findings from these two imaging modalities agree with histology findings and neuro-developmental outcome. In addition, we discuss studies comparing ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging findings...