F Barkhof

..Spinal cord lesions are very common in MS, but do not occur in normal ageing nor in small vessel disease...

..Knowledge about predictors of enhancement status is important for the selection of patients for MRI monitored trials...

..Medial temporal lobe atrophy (MTA) is a sensitive radiologic marker for Alzheimer disease (AD) and associated with cognitive impairment. The value of MTA in the oldest old (>85 years old) is largely unknown...

..Finally, we address safety considerations in the use of MRI in MS trials, and the safety-related responsibilities of the various parties involved in conducting such trials...

..To develop a visual rating scale for posterior atrophy (PA) assessment and to analyse whether this scale aids in the discrimination between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other dementias...

..Here we assess the predictive value of clinically defined dissemination in space at first presentation for time to clinically definite MS (CDMS)...

..Many short-term studies fail to appreciate the relationship between MRI and clinical findings, although such shortcomings might be argued to reflect a weakness of clinical measures, rather than of MRI...

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..6 in patients with four positive criteria. However, the study was not powered to detect statistically significant treatment by variable interaction, and this remains an important issue for further study...

..Various types of pathologic mechanisms in multiple sclerosis (MS) can alter magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signals, and the appearance of remyelinated lesions on MRI is largely unknown...

..In clinical trials, standardized acquisition protocols and central data analysis are mandatory. More work is needed to determine the natural progression in VaD and the possible use of MRI-based outcome measures...

..Power calculations show that these outcome measures can be applied with attainable sample sizes...

..This study evaluated the safety, tolerability, and effects on MRI parameters of 2 different doses of ibudilast in relapsing forms of MS...

..At the same time it illustrates the difficulties in understanding the mechanisms leading to axonal loss and persistent clinical deficit...

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..This corroborates with conventional wisdom that one should not rely on a single magnetic resonance measure, but take full advantage of the fact that magnetic resonance is able to provide multidimensional information...

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..We compared baseline clinical, neuropsychological, and MRI measures to characterize these MCI subgroups...

..To assess which baseline clinical and MRI measures influence whole-brain atrophy rates, measured from serial MR imaging...

..Clinical determinants of T1 lesions may differ between subgroups of patients with MS and subsequently may have implications for the selection of patients for clinical trials...

..This study applies the criteria in a memory clinic population, using clinical criteria as the reference criterion...

..Alpha]B-crystallin is a candidate autoantigen in MS, and there are three polymorphisms in the promoter region of the encoding gene (CRYAB): at positions -C249G, -C650G, and -A652G...

..To investigate the added value of hippocampal atrophy rates over whole brain volume measurements on MRI in patients with Alzheimer disease (AD), patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and controls...

..Further neuropsychological assessment is necessary to test the validity of these predictions...

..The aim of this study was to investigate whether adding MRI parameters to a model with only clinical parameters could improve these associations...

..CSF Abeta42 variability remained unexplained. Future research could study the role of ApoE genotype and Abeta42 in FTLD, as well as establish measures for disease intensity...

..To study CSF biomarkers, beta-amyloid(1-42) (Abeta(1-42)) and tau, and medial temporal lobe atrophy (MTA) on MRI in their ability to predict dementia in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)...

..Cerebral microbleeds (MBs) are commonly observed in memory clinic patients. Little is known about occurrence of and risk factors for developing new MBs in this population...

..We conclude that disease-induced MTR changes were small in MS NAWM and NAGM, but did correlate with clinical decline, lesion volume and overall cerebral atrophy...

..However, little is known about progression of GM lesions over time...

..To assess the sensitivity and specificity of 3D double inversion recovery (DIR) MRI for detecting multiple sclerosis (MS) cortical lesions (CLs) using a direct postmortem MRI to histopathology comparison...

..Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized, besides focal lesions, by brain atrophy. The determinants of atrophy rates in individual patients are poorly understood...

..This method may be useful to quantify hippocampal volume change, given the reduction in operator time and improved precision...

..Since MS is characterized by cognitive slowing rather than impaired accuracy, we used the Amsterdam Neuropsychological Tasks (ANT) program, a computerized test proven to be very sensitive to cognitive slowing in MS patients...

..Until now, these studies are relatively sparse and, therefore, the predictive value of MRI parameters for clinical disability remains largely unknown...

..Recovery of lesion MTR is a feasible outcome measure for future multicentre clinical trials measuring the effect of remyelinating agents...

..In patients with SP multiple sclerosis, IFNbeta-1b treatment reduces the development of hypointense T(1) lesions, suggesting that reduced axonal damage in lesions may play a part in the beneficial effect that is observed clinically...

..We aimed to investigate the relationship of NAWM changes to the distance to the lesions...

..To evaluate markers of axonal damage in CSF and serum of patients with different subtypes of MS in relation to measures of disease progression on MRI...

..This finding of a relatively high proportion of MBs in Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment provides further evidence for the involvement of vascular factors in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease...

..To determine the frequency of neurological signs in a memory clinic population and to explore their associations with white matter hyperintensity (WMH)...

..It is unclear whether the same applies to the evolution of lesions on T1-weighted MRI...

..To determine if myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA) mRNA is related to clinical disease activity in multiple sclerosis (MS)...

..However, the most suitable method for measuring WMH progression has not been established yet. We compared the reliability and sensitivity of cross-sectional and longitudinal visual scales with volumetry for measuring WMH progression...

..The relevance of these findings is illustrated by the correlation between reduced activity of one of these RSNs and less effective executive functioning/processing speed in the older group...

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..Hypothesizing that symptomatology may partly be determined by lesion location, this retrospective study explored relations between lesion location and disability using voxelwise analyses in standard space...

..Congenital CMV infection and PVL affect the cerebral white matter in the same developmental period when immature oligodendrocytes are particularly vulnerable...

..The authors studied the relation of brain volume measurements with the MS Functional Composite (MSFC) in an attempt to improve the clinico-radiologic association...

..We conclude that the left posterior parahippocampal gyrus responds during encoding, while on the other hand the left anterior parahippocampal gyrus and the right anterior hippocampus were more strongly involved in retrieval...

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..We investigated the influence of these polymorphisms on clinical and MRI parameters. The ER22/23EK polymorphism was associated with a more aggressive MS phenotype, measured both clinically and on MRI...

..The most suitable method to assess WMH in relation to the clinical evaluation of disturbances in these areas has not yet been established...

..TBSS can be useful in future studies with other MS patient samples to provide an unbiased localization of damage and generate location-specific hypotheses...

..However, the exact mechanisms by which T cells and cytokines contribute to disease activity remain to be clarified...

..Quantitative MRI techniques reveal differences in WMH between Alzheimer's disease and non-demented elderly, and are able to reflect the severity of the neuropathological changes involved...

..While clinical subtypes differ by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signature on a group level, a classification of individual MS patients based purely on MRI characteristics has not been presented so far...

..In conclusion, cognitive impairment in MS is moderately dependent on amount (and distribution) of structural brain damage, especially in the more physically impaired patients group...

..They correlate better with clinical disability than T2-weighted images, are found in patients with progressive multiple sclerosis, and can be used as surrogate outcome measures in treatment trials...

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..Difficulties to attend specifically to the left ear during dichotic listening in some of the AD patients, points at decreased attention and executive functions and suggests that pathology of specifically the frontal areas is involved...

..Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is thought to be the prodromal phase to Alzheimer's disease (AD). We analyzed patterns of gray matter (GM) loss to examine what characterizes MCI and what determines the difference with AD...

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..Clinical subtypes of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) may represent different underlying aetiologies...

..We aimed at determining the influence of ARWMC on different objective measures of gait and balance...

..The technique is more sensitive than the commonly applied model-based method. Consistent with other research, we show that networks of activation and deactivation show decreased reactivity in dementia...

..Group analysis in standard space may not be appropriate for studies of a complex structure such as the MTL, particularly not in aging and dementia...

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..In summary, our multifaceted study supports the notion that polymorphisms in CCL5 and CCR5 modify the course of MS...

..To define the extent of overall brain damage in patients with clinically isolated syndromes (CIS) suggestive of multiple sclerosis (MS) and to identify non-conventional magnetic resonance (MR) metrics predictive of evolution to definite MS...

..We aimed to compare 6 widely used rating scales for leukoaraiosis and to calculate conversion coefficients of the score of 1 scale in the score of a second scale...

..We observed similar brain and lesion volumes in carriers and noncarriers of FAS-670*G. These data suggest that FAS-670*G decreases the risk of developing MS, but does not affect the course of disease...

..Therefore, our purpose was to investigate the relative contribution of cerebrovascular disease and MTA to cognitive impairment in patients fulfilling diagnostic criteria for VaD...

..We conclude that in FMRI studies of dementia, not only the dynamic BOLD signal (activation and deactivation) but also the average baseline signal is diminished in certain regions. The method we applied may also be used in task-rel..

..Because the described frontal-striatal dysfunction in OCD is independent of state anxiety and disease symptom severity, we conclude that executive impairment is a core feature in OCD...

..These predictors of long-term disability provide some insight into disease progression...

..Moreover, the quantification precision of a metabolite in a single spectrum appears to be a reliable measure for its reproducibility in a longitudinal study...

..This study shows for the first time that in MS brain changes in the vasculature take place not only in focal lesions but also in DAWM as detected by postmortem MRI...

..We observed no effects of the polymorphisms on brain and lesion volumes. These data suggest that the polymorphisms under investigation do not affect the risk of developing MS and have no influence on the course of disease...

..An increased risk of progression to clinically definite multiple sclerosis in patients with serum antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) and myelin basic protein (MBP) has been reported...

..The objective of this study was to compare the results of the two scales among subjects with various degrees of white matter hyperintensities (WMHs)...

..The mean recognition test and the simple photic stimulation test showed no treatment interactions. Our results show that raloxifene affects brain activation patterns upon visual encoding in postmenopausal women...

..The risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is increased in type 2 diabetes (DM2). This increased risk has been attributed to vascular comorbidity, but other mechanisms, such as accelerated ageing of the brain, have also been implicated...

..At present, a power analysis using black hole (BH) evolution as primary outcome measure has not been performed...

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..A linear relation was found between WML and HA, especially for WML in the frontal and parieto-occipital regions. The results suggest that vascular pathology and typical AD pathology (HA) are related...

..Behaviorally, such neurofunctional effects may actively block decreased memory performance as a result of context-dependency. The validity of these predictions can be tested in large-scale clinical trials...

..In this review we will report on the conclusions of this international consensus, which should represent a first step beyond the concept of "no better explanation", and inform future diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis...

..Previous research has indicated that corpus callosum atrophy is associated with global cognitive decline in neurodegenerative diseases, but few studies have investigated specific cognitive functions...

..Guidance is also provided on the ethics of alternative trial designs and the balance between study subject burden and risk, scientific rationale and interpretability of trial outcomes...

..Recently, a clinical classification system was described to determine whether symptoms and signs of patients presenting with a first episode suggestive of multiple sclerosis (MS) indicate the presence of monofocal or multifocal disease...

..Our aim was to identify linear changes in brain activation and, what is more interesting, nonlinear changes in brain activation as a function of extended word repetition...

..We examined whether there are superior alternatives for the currently proposed negative binomial (NB) distribution...

..This study evaluates the volumetric changes of VS after radiosurgery and proposes a radiologic follow-up program...

..To investigate whether multiple sclerosis (MS) atrophy can be assessed by SIENA and SIENAX software using other image types from MS research protocols than T1-weighted images without contrast agent, which are not always available...

..We propose that these cases represent the most pure form of PPMS, even though according to currently applied criteria this diagnosis can not be made in the absence of focal lesions on MRI...

..The purpose of this study was to assess the agreement of lung volumes measured with 3D ultrasonography and MRI in uncomplicated pregnancies...

..This study aimed to characterize DAWM in vivo by using 4 quantitative MR imaging measures and to explore differences between MS disease types...