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..e. an evolutionary conserved stress response routine providing protection against a wide variety of (other) hazards in response to low levels of stress, is very likely to contribute to the beneficial health effects of dietary restriction...

..The intervention aims to establish long-term weight reduction and stabilization, reduction of obesity-related health consequences and improvement of self-image by change of lifestyle and learning cognitive behavioral techniques...

..e. who carry thrifty genes and lack (genetic) protection against weight gain. Intrauterine epigenetic mechanisms potentially reinforce the impact of these genes on the propensity to grow obese...

..This novel approach may, therefore, result in synergistic actions with other available agents to favorably impact the risk of tissue damage in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus...

..Because propranolol did not affect food intake in hyperthyroidism, the potential effect of catecholamines on food intake might be mediated by alpha-adrenoceptors...

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..If leptin synthesis or signal transduction is perturbed in the presence of food, a severely obese phenotype ensues...

..Both a lack of leptin signals and adiposity may contribute to insulin resistance in obese individuals. Diminution of central leptin signalling can critically affect glucose metabolism in these individuals...

..In particular, reduced LH release in the face of normal pituitary responsivity to GnRH stimulation in narcoleptic men suggests that hypocretins promote endogenous GnRH secretion...

..This suggests that dopaminergic neurotransmission is involved in the control of metabolic phenotype...

..3, 26.6), whereas the characteristics of the circadian rhythm of leptin remained unchanged. Finally, it was observed that a fasting plasma leptin concentration is not an acceptable indicator of the average leptin concentration over 24 h...

..Therefore, we aimed to perform a detailed analysis of GH and ghrelin secretion in HD patients in relation to clinical signs and symptoms...

..Sphingolipids, like phytosphingosine (PS) are part of cellular membranes of yeasts, vegetables and fruits. Addition of PS to the diet decreases serum cholesterol and free fatty acid (FFA) levels in rodents and improves insulin sensitivity...

..The reduced (basal) ACTH secretion and the diminished secretory process regularity of the ACTH/cortisol ensemble conjointly suggest that hypocretin deficiency induces changes in the interplay between PA hormones...

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..This suggests that reduced dopaminergic neurotransmission in the hypothalamus of obese animal models is due to mechanism(s) that are not directly triggered by diet composition...

..71, P?=?0.050) levels correlated inversely with body fat content. Apart from a mild increase in free T(4) levels, we found no indications for altered somatotrophic, thyrotrophic and lactotrophic axes activity in early-stage PD patients...

..Thus these results imply that short-term bromocriptine treatment ameliorates various components of the metabolic syndrome while it shifts energy balance away from lipogenesis in obese humans...

..To study the influence of changes in meal timing and frequency on the diurnal rhythm of leptin and on the 24-hour profile of insulin and glucose...

..The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of central administration of melanotan II (MTII), a melanocortin-3/4 receptor agonist, on hepatic and whole-body insulin sensitivity, independent of food intake and body weight...

..We suggest that treatment with bromocriptine promotes beta cells rest, thereby preventing long-lasting hypersecretion of insulin and subsequent beta cell failure...

..These observations point to the notion of a major role of the gut-brain axis in the integrative physiology of whole body fuel metabolism...

..In addition, we explored the biological significance of des-ghrelin (unacylated ghrelin) in this experimental context...

..In addition, CNTO736 reduces basal hepatic glucose and VLDL output in these animals. The data suggest that CNTO736 may be a useful tool in the treatment of type 2 diabetes...

..The aim of this study was to compare the effect of short-term treatment with these 2 distinct olanzapine formulations on glucose and lipid metabolism in healthy men...

..Activation of central GLP-1Rs contributes substantially to the inhibition of endogenous glucose production by GLP-1 treatment in this animal model...

..Enhanced LH secretion in the presence of normal metabolic and hormonal adaptations to calorie restriction points to anomalous feedback control of pituitary LH release in PCOS...

..In summary, our data show that LF diet has a higher potential than ER to improve HF diet-induced insulin resistance, and that there is an association between improvement of insulin resistance and decrease of TG levels...

..Therefore, a major physiological role of these neuroendocrine factors in the induction of hepatic insulin resistance during a high fat diet seems less likely...

..mU(-1).l(-1), P = 0.006). These results suggest that the liver is hyperresponsive to GH action in abdominally obese women. The role of the somatotropic ensemble in the control of glucose homeostasis in abdominal obesity is discussed...

..The fact that patients with IH had a lower BMI than narcoleptics supports the notion that excessive daytime sleepiness (i.e., inactivity) cannot account for excess body fat in narcoleptic patients...

..Notably, these metabolic effects of PYY(3-36) remain unabated after chronic administration, in contrast to its anorexic effects...

..A responder was a priori defined as a patient with a fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level < 10 mmol/l on day 30...

..The drug has not been approved in the US due to its neurological and psychiatric adverse effects. Rimonabant is approved in Europe but is contraindicated in patients with major depression and those taking antidepressants...

..This study was done to establish the effect of bromocriptine treatment on circadian plasma leptin concentrations in obese humans...

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..Glucose ingestion inhibits hypothalamic neuronal activity in healthy humans. We hypothesized that hypothalamic neuronal activity in response to an oral glucose load would be altered in patients with type 2 diabetes...

..Reduction of circulating FFA concentrations by acipimox blunts ACTH release in obese women, which suggests that FFAs are involved in the pathophysiology of this neuroendocrine anomaly...

..Although tea polyphenols had a potent antioxidant activity on LDL oxidation in vitro, no effect was found on LDL oxidation ex vivo after consumption of green or black tea or intake of a green tea polyphenol isolate...

..It specifically enhances GH secretory burst mass. This might mean that lowering of systemic FFA concentrations by acipimox modulates neuroendocrine mechanisms that orchestrate the activity of the somatotropic ensemble...

..These results suggest that RFEGH rises with increasing adiposity, but per unit of renal mass, the capacity of the kidney to remove GH from the circulation falls at high MCR values...

..The decreases in TSH and free T3 may blunt energy expenditure in response to long-term calorie restriction, thereby frustrating weight loss attempts of obese individuals...

..This effect might be mediated by rL ability to counteract the behavioural and metabolic adaptations that accompany weight loss attempts...

..So in each patient with bilateral exophthalmos and eye signs suspicious of Graves' orbitopathy obesity should be considered as a possible cause...

..As leptin deficiency clearly leads to morbid obesity in experimental animals and humans, we infer that the observed reduction of plasma leptin levels may predispose narcoleptic humans to weight gain...

..In conclusion, the profoundly reduced and irregular GH release in obese women with PCOS appears to be a corollary of body fat accretion and not of the syndrome per se...

..Dopamine D(2)R availability in the brain is reduced in obese humans in proportion to body adiposity. We hypothesized that deficient dopamine D(2)R signaling is involved in the enhanced TSH secretion associated with obesity...

..Dopamine D2R availability in the brain is reduced in obese humans in proportion to body adiposity. We hypothesized that impaired dopamine D2R signaling is mechanistically involved in the deficient GH secretion associated with obesity...

..Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish whether intracerebroventricular NPY administration modulates the suppressive action of insulin on EGP via hepatic sympathetic or parasympathetic innervation...

..We infer that evidence of retention of estradiol-dependent negative feedback on LH secretion may forecast follicle maturation and ovulation in obese patients with PCOS under dietary restriction...

..Moreover, there are indications for defects in the systemic energy homeostasis and gastrointestinal function, which may also serve as therapeutic targets. However, the clinical merits of such interventions have yet to be demonstrated...

..Furthermore, fluoxetine treatment reduced TRH-induced TSH release in both normal and obese subjects. It did not influence the other releasing hormone-induced responses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)..

..In conclusion, a marked reduction in the uptake of fatty acids into adipocytes may underlie the protection from obesity and insulin resistance in transgenic mice overexpressing human APOC1...

..This fraction remains relatively constant despite wide variations in renal function or circulating leptin...

..Furthermore, some of these proteins may influence each other via common signalling pathways. A theory is presented to link the interrelationship between these adipocyte secretory products and their effect on insulin resistance...

..Accordingly, no changes in activation of phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase, triglyceride distribution, FAT/CD36 expression, and GLUT-4 translocation were found in skeletal muscle biopsies...

..We investigated autonomic balance and resting metabolic rate to explore their possible involvement in obesity in hypocretin/orexin-deficient narcoleptic subjects...

..This study sought to assess the effects of prolonged caloric restriction in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on myocardial triglyceride (TG) content and myocardial function...

..Patients and control women underwent 24-h blood sampling at 20-min intervals. Cortisol concentrations were measured with a sensitive assay. Data were analyzed with a new deconvolution program, approximate entropy, and cosinor regression...

..06, OB: 0.68, P > 0.05). These results suggest that hyposomatotropism in abdominally obese individuals is not compensated by increased adipose tissue responsiveness to GH bio-action and, therefore, blunts lipolysis in these individuals...

..However, hyposomatotropism cannot account for all anomalous features of protein metabolism in abdominally obese humans...

..Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction could contribute to a number of HD signs and symptoms; however, no data are available on cortisol diurnal variations and secretory dynamics in HD patients...

..However, although we provide proof of principle, more extensive elaboration and validation of this approach are necessary...

..Data were analyzed with a new deconvolution program, approximate entropy (ApEn) analyses, and cosinor regression...

..Huntington's disease (HD) is a hereditary neurodegenerative disorder caused by an increased number of CAG repeats in the huntingtin gene. A hallmark of HD is unintended weight loss, the cause of which is unknown...

..Abdominal obesity is associated with a blunted lipolytic response to fasting that may contribute to the preservation of adipose tissue mass...

..It may thus be hypothesized that low ghrelin levels underlie the hyposomatropism in obesity...

..Modeling allowed the assessment of potential differences in GH sensitivity in the two groups, and indicated the importance of GH in lipolysis...

..To summarize recent studies on the regulation and the functions of the gut-brain axis...

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..Notably, these alterations occurred without a measurable effect on body adiposity...

..Insulin-stimulated whole body glucose disposal did not improve, nor did insulin suppressibility of EGP and lipolysis...

..It ameliorates glucose intolerance, most likely because it elevates glucose-induced plasma insulin concentrations. OXM does not appear to impact on insulin action...

..Decreased activity of these pressor systems forms a biologically plausible explanation for the finding that aspirin at night may reduce blood pressure, whereas aspirin at morning does not...

..The aim of this study was to assess vascular structure and function in relation to circulating CD34+ cells in adults with GHD before and during 1 year of recombinant human GH (rhGH) replacement...

..Therefore, we compared age- and gender-specific standard deviations (SD) scores (Z-scores) of QoL parameters in patients treated for pituitary adenomas...

..We speculate that amelioration of deficit D2R-mediated neurotransmission and/or diminutions of circulating leptin/estrogen levels might be involved in the physiology of this phenomenon...

..Therefore, a detailed analysis of systemic energy homeostasis in HD patients in relation to disease characteristics was performed...

..The objective of this study was to systematically evaluate the molecular basis of the association between visceral fat mass and plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels in man...

..In a 17-year-old woman with anorexia nervosa, scurvy was diagnosed as the cause of fatigue, abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding and several distinctive skin lesions...

..These interesting findings need confirmation, notably in caucasoid populations, before guidelines for treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes can be changed...

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..The aim of this study was to determine the effect of short-term olanzapine (atypical antipsychotic drug) and haloperidol (conventional antipsychotic drug) treatment on glucose and lipid metabolism...

..31; P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: TSH release is enhanced in the face of normal plasma fT4 concentrations in obese premenopausal women, and hyperleptinemia may well be involved in this neuroendocrine alteration...

..Because PRL is inhibited by D2R activation we speculate that elevated PRL secretion may be due to reduced D2R availability in the brain...

..We hypothesize that the different hepatic fat accumulation and/or decrease in FA intermediates has a major effect on the insulin sensitivity of the liver...

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..Spironolactone or cyproterone acetate combined with an oral contraceptive is the safest and most effective therapeutic approach. --Weight loss is an important part of the treatment of obese, hirsute women with PCOS...

..Recent data suggest that olanzapine orally disintegrating tablets (ODT), which dissolve instantaneously in the mouth, might cause less weight gain than olanzapine standard oral tablets (OST)...

..006). In summary, circulating TSH concentrations are low in hypocretin-deficient narcoleptic men, which could be attributable to their low plasma leptin levels and/or their abnormal sleep-wake cycle...

..Secondly, to study the relationship between plasma levels of antioxidants (alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene and vitamin C) and these acute-phase, cardiovascular risk indicators...

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..We conclude that rosiglitazone treatment leads to strong improvement of insulin sensitivity, irrespective of increased muscle TG content, in ob/ob mice...

..Our data indicate that a distinction between TG-derived FA and plasma FFA cannot be made...

..In contrast, it leaves glucose production and lipid flux largely unaffected in this experimental context...

..05) in both groups. We conclude that partial replacement of saturated fat by fish oil does not improve preexisting high fat diet-induced insulin resistance, although it lowers TNF-alpha protein levels in WAT...

..1). We infer that neural and endocrine signals emanating from the gastrointestinal tract are critical for the hypothalamic response to nutrient ingestion...