J P Mackenbach

..The aim of this study was to assess the effect of a large number of potential determinants (sociodemographic factors, health related behaviour, structural living conditions, and psychosocial factors)...

..It has been suggested that this association is due to psychosocial factors which are both related to self-assessed health and to mortality. We tested this hypothesis...

..This study compared differences in total and cause-specific mortality by educational level among women with those among men in 7 countries: the United States, Finland, Norway, Italy, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Estonia...

..To describe the magnitude of socioeconomic inequalities in tuberculosis (TB) mortality by level of education in male, female, urban and rural populations in several European countries...

..In this paper we examined educational differences in excessive alcohol consumption in The Netherlands and whether these may be explained by educational differences in experienced stress and stress-moderating factors...

..74, p>0.05). Most psychosocial factors do not seem very important in explaining high GP utilization rates among those with a low socioeconomic status. Alternative explanations are discussed...

..This study examined the role of behavioral and material factors in explaining educational differences in all-cause mortality, taking into account the overlap between both types of factors...

..Monitoring access to health care is important for all sorts of systems, including those which are believed to be equitable...

..The aim of the study was to determine whether education or income was more strongly related to smoking in the European Union at large, and within the individual countries of the EU, at the end of the 1990s...

..Twelve countries were compared with respect to occupational class differences in ischemic heart disease mortality in order to identify factors that are associated with smaller or larger mortality differences...

..To compare countries in western Europe with respect to class differences in mortality from specific causes of death and to assess the contributions these causes make to class differences in total mortality...

..To examine the development and tracking of subcutaneous fat mass in the first 2 years of life and to examine which parental, fetal and postnatal characteristics are associated with subcutaneous fat mass...

..The aim was to identify the correlates of educational differences in smoking among adults...

..Few studies have compared socioeconomic inequalities in the prevalence of both fatal and non-fatal diseases. This paper aims to give the first international overview for several common chronic diseases...

..The present study aimed to provide these data and explore differences according to socio-demographic characteristics and weight status...

..Body mass index (BMI) differs by socio-demographic variables, but the origin of these associations remains relatively unknown...

..To determine whether household and food shopping environmental factors are associated with fruit and vegetable (FV) intakes, and contribute to socioeconomic inequalities in FV consumption...

..We aimed to examine the associations of maternal anthropometrics with fetal weight measured in different periods of pregnancy and with birth outcomes...

..For policymakers and researchers it is important to find a mix of interventions that lead to a comparable overall effect...

..To assess the association between socioeconomic status and ischaemic heart disease (IHD) mortality in 10 western European populations during the 1990s...

..To examine whether differences in birthweight of various ethnic groups residing in The Netherlands can be explained by determinants of birthweight...

..To assess, in a population-based study, whether secular trends in cardiovascular disease mortality in seven European countries were correlated with past trends in infant mortality rate (IMR) in these countries...

..This study investigates the association between the level of mortality from 'avoidable' causes and ethnic origin in the Netherlands and identifies social factors that contribute to this association...

..To investigate the influence of maternal working conditions on fertility and pregnancy outcomes...

..Our study used this scale to examine the potential impact of these policies on quit ratios in European countries. Special attention was given to smoking cessation among lower educational groups...

..The effects of non-occupational physical activity were assessed on the number of years lived with and without disability between age 50 and 80 years...

..Ethnic differences in outcomes of outpatient diabetic care and the role of self-management behavior and its determinants in explaining observed differences...

..Supplementary interventions focussing on childhood conditions which, partly, influence both personality and physical inactivity may also contribute to a reduction of socio-economic differences in physical inactivity...

..To determine changes in socioeconomic inequalities in self reported health in both the 1980s and the 1990s in the Netherlands...

..The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the extent to which results of descriptive studies can be biased due to problems with the data that are commonly available to European countries...

..To examine the association between maternal age and birth outcomes, and to investigate the role of sociodemographic and lifestyle-related determinants...

..They are not related to quality of care, but do have a relatively large impact on the perinatal mortality rate...

..To assess differences in health, healthcare use and well-being of children according to their socioeconomic situation...

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..To assess socioeconomic disparities in stroke incidence and in the quality of preventive care for stroke in the Netherlands...

..The combination of increased survival to advanced ages and reduced survival at advanced ages explains why rectangularization of the survival curve took place recently in The Netherlands...

..To determine the contribution of psychological attributes (personality characteristics and coping styles) to the association between social class in childhood and adult health among men and women...

..In some countries, like Great Britain and the Netherlands, however, housing tenure has an additional value...

..To examine whether compositional and/or contextual area characteristics are associated with area socioeconomic inequalities and between-area differences in recreational cycling...

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..To examine whether trends in smoking behaviour in Western Europe between 1985 and 2000 differed by education group...

..e., place or supervision of delivery and the presence of specialised neonatal care). The only sociodemographic factor that showed a consistent correlation with mortality was the percentage of Roman Catholic inhabitants of a region...

..Given time trends in cancer mortality, the gap in the magnitude of socioeconomic inequalities in cancer mortality between gender and between European populations will probably decrease in the future...

..Although a low socioeconomic status has consistently been associated with an increased risk of preterm birth, little is known about the pathways through which socioeconomic disadvantage influences preterm birth...

..In conclusion, a lower education is associated with increased cancer risks, which can be explained partly by behavioural factors...

..Socioeconomic disparities in stroke mortality generally persisted and may have widened in some populations, which fact underlines the need to improve preventive and secondary care for stroke among the lower socioeconomic groups...

..Contextual effects of socioeconomic status may thus be due to one or more of these specific circumstances. The findings indicate potential public health benefits of modifying socioeconomic characteristics of areas...

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..Since seasonal differences showed no evidence of declining over time, elucidating their causes and preventive strategies remains a public health challenge...

..Implications for health policy are that the prospects for people with health problems to stay in paid employment should be improved...

..The aim of the study was to describe differences in dietary intake in older subjects by socioeconomic status, as indicated by educational level...

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..We examined the association between prosperity and traffic accident mortality in the industrialized world in a long-term perspective...

..To describe mortality inequalities related to education and housing tenure in 11 European populations and to describe the age pattern of relative and absolute socioeconomic inequalities in mortality in the elderly European population...

..To examine whether eliminating smoking will lead to a reduction in the number of years lived with disability (that is, absolute compression of morbidity)...

..To study the relative importance of various determinants of total and cause-specific infant and early childhood mortality rates and their decline in The Netherlands in the period 1875-1879 to 1895-1899...

..The price and availability of foods are thought to be important mediating factors between socioeconomic position and food purchasing...

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..CONCLUSION: These quantitative results confirm that international differences in countries' published perinatal mortality rates partly reflect differences between countries' criteria for registration and publication of perinatal deaths...

..This report therefore presents an international overview of socioeconomic differences in stroke mortality...

..We therefore recommend that in projections of ill-health also changes in educational level are taken into account...

..The present paper provides a framework for both future research and data collection that is needed to improve the applicability of health status measures as quality-of-care indicators...

..A modified version of the RAND/UCLA appropriateness method was used. The panel members received US literature reviews, extended with more recent and Dutch literature, summarising the evidence for each quality indicator...

..4%). In women aged 30-64 years, 10% of all deaths within 5 years might be avoidable, while in older women this figure is 5.8%...

..To assess the relation between socioeconomic factors and the use of physician services among children and whether variations of the level of co-payment are correlated with different levels of inequalities in health services use...

..In this study we investigated the association between neighbourhood deprivation and overweight. Further, we examined whether this association was modified by educational level, age and sex of the neighbourhood residents...

..The analysis of intermediary factors suggests that the acceptance of new ideas on hygiene and disease processes was an important factor in the association between culture and mortality decline in the late 19th century...

..For all cutoff points, objective health aspects accounted for a relatively small part of the socioeconomic variability in self-assessed health. More subjective aspects of health accounted for more of the variability...

..To detect and explain changing trends in incidence, case fatality rates, and mortality for unintentional injuries in the Netherlands for the years 1950 through 1995...

..We detect periods of stagnation in recent old-age mortality trends, and explore for which causes of death the recent stagnation is most apparent...

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..To examine the contribution of neighborhood, household, and individual factors to socioeconomic inequalities in sports participation in a multilevel design...

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..The association between childhood SEP and cancer incidence is less consistent than the association between adult SEP and cancer incidence, but may exist for colorectal cancer and basal cell carcinoma...

..Some studies suggest that ethnic density may influence the incidence of schizophrenia. The authors investigated whether this increased incidence among immigrants depends on the ethnic density of the neighborhoods in which they live...

..Further international exchanges of experiences with development, implementation, and evaluation of policies and interventions to reduce health inequalities can help to enhance learning speed...

..Obesity is a growing problem worldwide, but there are no good methods to assess the future course of the epidemic and the potential influence of interventions. We explore the behavior change needed to stop the obesity epidemic in the U.S...

..In some countries, particularly in Southern Europe, it may not be too late to prevent women in less educated groups from taking up the smoking habit, thereby avoiding large inequalities in mortality in the future in these countries...

..This paper aimed to examine immigrant mortality according to duration of residence in the Netherlands and to compare duration-specific mortality levels to levels of mortality in the native Dutch population...

..This was observed both among never- and ever-married women. The greater risk of breast cancer mortality among women with a higher level of education was a persistent and generalised phenomenon in Europe in the 1990s...

..There were no significant differences in annual rate of change in smoking prevalence between non-urban and urban areas...

..As little is known about the determinants of smoking in large ethnic minorities in the Netherlands and other Western European countries, we studied the determinants of smoking young adult offspring of Turkish migrants to the Netherlands...

..Importantly, these etiologically relevant periods differ for men and women, suggesting gender-specific pathways to socioeconomic inequalities in body weight in adulthood...

..This study assesses whether the stagnation of old-age (80+) mortality decline observed in The Netherlands in the 1980s continued in the 1990s and determines which factors contributed to this stagnation. Emphasis is on the role of smoking...

..To examine whether maternal socioeconomic status, as indicated by maternal educational level, is associated with preeclampsia, and if so, to what extent known risk factors for preeclampsia mediate the effect of educational level...

..These results have important implications for intervention programs and policy...

..The aim was to study hostility as a factor intermediate in the association between educational level and health...

..This might partly explain these women's susceptibility to preeclampsia...

..Improving material circumstances in lower educational groups may form an important strategy in the reduction of inequalities in AMI, partly because of its influence on unhealthy behavior...

..Overweight and obesity in adulthood are linked to an increased risk for death and disease. Their potential effect on life expectancy and premature death has not yet been described...

..Here we test the hypothesis that improvements in coronary heart disease (CHD) survival can explain this slowing through an increase in the number of CHD survivors at an increased risk for stroke...

..To conclude, inequalities in morbidity decrease with age, but a substantive part persists in old age. To improve the health of elderly people it is important that the material, social and cultural resources of the elderly are improved...

..Comparisons among countries can help to identify opportunities for the reduction of inequalities in health. We compared the magnitude of inequalities in mortality and self-assessed health among 22 countries in all parts of Europe...

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..To assess whether the stagnation in old age (80+) mortality decline observed in the Netherlands in the 1980s, continued in the 1990s and which factors contributed to this stagnation. Emphasis is on the role of smoking...

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