Chris Dye

..Subject to better evidence, I suggest that the main obstacles to improving urban health are not technical or even financial, but rather are related to governance and the organization of civil society...

..To explore HAART as a prevention strategy, we recommend further discussions to explore human rights and ethical considerations, clarify research priorities and review feasibility and acceptability issues...

..Diabetes increases the risk of TB. Our aim was to assess the potential impact of diabetes as a risk factor for incident pulmonary tuberculosis, using India as an example...

..However, published cost and cost-effectiveness studies are limited...

..Nor has the strength of the association been established. The objective of this study was to systematically review the available evidence on the association between alcohol use and the risk of tuberculosis...

..This paper presents and discusses a methodology for estimating the lives saved through selected service deliveries reported to the Global Fund...

....

..Interactions between diabetes and BMI could help or hinder TB control in growing, aging, urbanizing populations...

..This paper reviews the history of target setting for TB control and lays out the complete set of indicators and targets that will guide TB control through to 2015, the target year for all MDGs...

....

..Our results should be a stimulus to those who develop, manufacture and implement new technology for TB control, and to their financial donors...

..At the current pace of epidemic decline, there will be more than 10,000 new cases in 2050, the target year for global elimination...

..By 2015, every country should be able to assess progress in tuberculosis control by estimating the time trend in incidence, and the magnitude of reductions in either prevalence or deaths...

..Recent data suggest that national TB control programmes that use existing drugs efficiently can postpone and even reverse epidemics of multidrug-resistant TB, although the effect of such programmes on XDR strains remains largely unknown...

..To determine whether differences in national trends in tuberculosis incidence are attributable to the variable success of control programmes or to biological, social and economic factors...

..This result applies even to countries such as Estonia and Latvia, which have exceptionally high prevalence rates of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis...

..Whatever the technology used, success depends critically on the social, institutional, and epidemiological context in which it is applied...

..To substantiate this result, further measurements are needed of the relative fitness of drug-resistant strains...

....

..2% of all new TB cases. The analysis provides the first comprehensive set of estimates of the MDR TB burden by country and globally...

....

..This approach to planning for global tuberculosis control is a valuable example of developing plans to improve global health that has relevance for other health issues...

....

..To estimate the risk and prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection and tuberculosis (TB) incidence, prevalence, and mortality, including disease attributable to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), for 212 countries in 1997...

..We discuss the implications of these results for World Health Organization policy on the management of antibiotic resistance...

....

..We illustrate the results using data from a recent survey in Cambodia in which TB was diagnosed using sputum smears, cultures and X-rays...

..The cost of a prevalence survey is typically US$ 4-15 per person surveyed, and up to US$ 25 per person with radiographic screening. A survey of 50,000 people, of limited precision, would typically cost US$ 200,000-1,250,000...

..Data on global trends in resistance to antituberculosis drugs are lacking...

....

..WHO advocates the use of directly observed treatment with a short-course drug regimen as part of the DOTS strategy, but the potential effect of this strategy worldwide has not been investigated...

..Even if morbidity and mortality are significantly reduced before 2010, tuberculosis infection will persist for much longer, acting as a sensitive indicator of public health, and as a marker of the quality of health services...

....

....

..The challenge now is to show that DOTS expansion in the major endemic countries can significantly accelerate case finding while maintaining high cure rates...

..The difference in mean duration of smear positivity was particularly marked and, if generalizable, will have major implications for TB control prospects in high HIV prevalence areas...

..This analysis suggests that throughout the world 1.9 million (95% CI 1.6-2.2 million) children died from ARI in 2000, 70% of them in Africa and southeast Asia...

..We also analyse the strengths and limitations of the system and its relevance to other health-care programmes...

....

..025). In countries where HIV infection is endemic, TB recurrence may be reduced by administration of rifampin-based treatment for at least 6 months, in accordance with World Health Organization recommendations...

....

..To ensure effective control of TB in the longer term, methods of TB prevention should be carried out in addition to, but not as a substitute for, treating active cases...

..Until tuberculosis is controlled worldwide, it will continue to be a major killer in less-developed countries and a constant threat in most of the more-developed countries...

..However, ARV drugs could enhance the treatment of TB, and TB programs provide an important entry point for the treatment of HIV/AIDS...

..To investigate the strengths and weaknesses of the indicators 'proportion of households possessing mosquito net(s)' and 'proportion of children under 5 years of age who slept under a net the preceding night' for monitoring malaria control...

..As a consequence, global TB control policies have had to be revised and control of TB now demands increased investment. This paper assesses what is being done to address the issue and what remains to be done...

..To assess the costs and health effects of tuberculosis control interventions in Africa and South East Asia in the context of the millennium development goals...

..But developing a new effective vaccine will require innovation in scientific research, a proactive approach to clinical trials of new vaccine candidates, and application of vaccines as part of an integrated approach to disease control...

..The prevention of HIV and TB, the extension of WHO DOTS programs, and a focused effort to control HIV-related TB in areas of high HIV prevalence are matters of great urgency...

....

....

..We explore the implications of this finding for the promotion of MC as a public health intervention to control HIV in sub-Saharan Africa...

..Mathematical modeling suggests that culling programs fail because of high incidence of infection and infectiousness, the insensitivity of the diagnostic test to detect infectious dogs, and time delays between diagnosis and culling...

..However, this is rarely highlighted in current research or control priorities. This paper aims to evaluate the evidence for an association between these two diseases...

..This finding is also supported by numerical simulations with the extended model. Our study suggests that immigrants have a considerable influence on the overall transmission dynamics behavior of tuberculosis...