H H Garcia

..Its better image definition also suggests that MRI is superior to CT in the follow-up of the patients after therapy...

..Besides confirming the close relationship between taeniasis and cysticercosis cases, this large-scale field study demonstrated early age of tapeworm and cysticercosis infections in humans, and short duration of taeniasis infections...

..Efforts to control and eliminate this disease are underway through antiparasitic treatment of endemic populations, development of pig vaccines, and other measures...

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..Circulating parasite antigen in hydrocephalus secondary to neurocysticercosis indicates the presence of live parasites in these patients and thus a potential benefit from antiparasitic therapy...

..The stenosis and intense cervical dysphagia, associated with crycopharyngeal membrane, has not been mentioned previously...

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..The sensitivity of the assay with serum samples, and its ability to identify successfully treated patients, make this monoclonal antibody-based ELISA the test of choice for the follow-up of NCC cases...

..Controlled data on the efficacy and acceptability of the different interventions is urgently needed to provide a base-line schematic for intervention which could later be tailored to each particular endemic scenario...

..Only minute residual scars were detected in the carcasses of oxfendazole-treated pigs. Pigs with cysticercosis, once treated with oxfendazole, are protected from new infections for at least three months...

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..Mass chemotherapy was effective in decreasing infection pressure in this hyperendemic area. However, the magnitude of the effect was small and did not attain the goal of eliminating transmission...

..Transient antibodies may have significant implications for the epidemiology of and immunity to this disease...

..A proportion of seropositive animals became seronegative at the end of each period (23 and 15%). Incidence varied by the village, and the exposure period, and was higher in males than females (but did not differ by age)...

..CONCLUSION: In this hyperendemic area, an important proportion of seizure cases are associated with neurocysticercosis as demonstrated by serology or brain CT...

..Porcine serology provides an appropriate indicator of T. solium environmental contamination and should be used to estimate the risk of infection when evaluating control measures...

..This study demonstrated the importance of cysticercosis in the aetiology of epilepsy in endemic villages and the close relationship between porcine and human infection...

..The results of follow-up studies should help determine if the relatively high seroprevalence in the young subjects of the present study is the result of a transient antibody response...

..In order to ensure sustainability, any given control strategy towards elimination/eradication of porcine cysticercosis should incorporate economic incentives...

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..This group of patients represents a particular presentation of neurocysticercosis, different from the previously described syndromes of cysticercotic encephalitis and disseminated systemic cysticercosis...

..Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is frequently found in epileptic individuals in most developing countries, and is probably the major cause of seizures in this zone...

..Diagnosis is based on imaging techniques (CT and MR imaging) and serology (immunoblot). Current research efforts are centered on control and eradication of the taeniasis cysticercosis complex in endemic areas...

..The dot-ELISA developed in this study is a highly specific, simple, cheap and rapid test for NCC that could be used under field conditions, even in the low-resource settings that are common in developing countries...

..solium tapeworms, or dogs infected with Echinococcus granulosus. The OAs are stage and species specific to T. solium and antibodies to OAs are usually present in tapeworm carriers...

..005). In rural areas, swine cysticercosis occurs in high-risk hotspots around carriers where control interventions could be delivered...

..This route of transmission opens new avenues for consideration with respect to control strategies...

..No significant difference between both hemispheres was observed. Basal ganglia localization is common in neurocysticercosis but it is rarely associated with clinical manifestations...

..The identification of these oncospheral proteins represents the first step to elucidate their specific roles in the biology of the host-parasite relationship...

..Previously reported epilepsy incidences range from 30 to 50/100,000 people in industrialized countries and 90 to 122/100,000 people in developing countries...

..Serological assays are used to detect circulating Taenia solium antigens or anti-T. solium antibodies in serum or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples. There are no guidelines on whether to use serum or CSF specimens for a particular assay...

..Specificity was 98%. The sensitivity of the ELISA was 98% in patients with multiple cysts and 84% in patients with a single cyst. Specificity was 92.7%...

..We assessed the clustering patterns of Taenia solium human cysticercosis seropositivity and seizures around tapeworm carriers in seven rural communities in Peru...

..The 42kD is a novel T. solium protein that is present exclusively on activated oncospheres of this parasite, with poor diagnostic activity against taeniasis or human cysticercosis...

..0001) in the EPS group. Furthermore, 42 of 68 (62%) individuals receiving EPS excreted identifiable gravid proglottids. EPS treatment helps the visual identification of Taenia spp...

..These advances now permit a much better integration of clinical, serologic, and imaging data for diagnosis and therapeutic purposes...

..A recombinant subunit vaccine based on oncosphere antigens has the potential to improve the available control measures for T. solium and thereby reduce or eliminate neurocysticercosis...

..Meanwhile, updated information on diagnosis and management of neurocysticercosis is required, especially for clinicians who are unfamiliar with its wide array of clinical presentations...

..solium tapeworm carriers (N = 28), with a J index of 0.96. This simple ELISA incorporating anti-adult somatic and anti-adult ES antibodies provides the first potentially species-specific coproantigen test for human T. solium taeniasis...

..Antigen levels in paired serum/urine samples (evaluated in 19 patients) were strongly correlated. Non-invasive urine testing for T. solium antigens provides a useful alternative for NCC diagnosis...

..saginata. Taenia solium and T. saginata have different levels and temporal activities of proteolytic enzymes that could play a modulator role in the host specificity for larval invasion through penetration of the intestinal mucosa...

..Our studies also demonstrated that T. solium oncospheres attach to cells with elongated microvillus processes and that the oncospheres expel external secretory vesicles that have the same oncosphere processes...

..solium antibodies in both T. canis assays. These findings should help clinicians better interpret serology for toxocariosis and cysticercosis in endemic areas for both helminth infections...

..This review summarizes current knowledge on clinical and epidemiologic aspects of zoonotic disease caused by tissue helminths...

..Magnetic resonance spectroscopy differentiates SELs caused by cysticercosis or tuberculosis and may avoid brain biopsies or unnecessary antituberculosis treatments...

..The G1 genotype was most frequently found in human cases of cystic hydatid disease (CHD) in Peru. Local control measures should focus primarily on decreasing dog and sheep infection rather than intermediate reservoirs...

..We confirm that CE is highly endemic to Peru and emphasize the limited performance of available serologic assays in the field...

..Only 6 of 13 had visible calcifications on X-ray. Thigh CT scans can demonstrate muscle calcifications in a significant proportion of patients with calcified neurocysticercosis...

..9% and 2.6%, respectively. Fifty-three percent of subjects with CE were EITB positive. Portable ultrasound was well received by the community, augmented CE detection and allowed a faster estimate of human infection than the EITB assay...

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..The sensitivity and specificity of all four of these antigens using the ELISA format were well below the standards set by the LLGP EITB, whereas results of the Western blot format closely mirrored those of the LLGP EITB...

..This study describes the first reliable oncosphere-killing assays for T. pisiformis, T. ovis, T. saginata, and T. solium. These assays will be used for further research into the optimization of recombinant vaccines against cysticercosis...

..The hIgG standard curve has proven a critical tool for the comparison of several diagnostic antigens slated for assay development...

..The Tso31 nested PCR described here might be a useful tool for the early diagnosis and prevention of taeniasis/cysticercosis...

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..Only two pigs out of eight vaccinated were protected and although the total median number of cyst decreased in vaccinated pigs compared to controls this decrease was not statistically significant (P = 0.09)...

..They are currently being used in cysticercosis elimination programs in Peru...

..This study highlights the need to expand financial coverage to ensure the poor have access to health services and do not become further impoverished...

..Preliminary studies suggest it is possible to analyse population genetic variation in communities using a range of polymorphic markers...

..Such chemokine secretion is NF-kappaB dependent, likely to involve AP-1, and is regulated in a paracrine loop by monocyte-derived TNF-alpha...

..The quantification limit was 5 ng/mL and the linear range was 5-2500 ng/mL for all analytes. The method was used for the determination of drug and metabolites in swine plasma samples and proved to be suitable for pharmacokinetic studies...

..In summary, our data demonstrate that TsAg induces chemokine secretion via specific pathways dependent on NF-kappaB but not TLR-4/TLR-2, and indicate a potential mechanism whereby larval degeneration results in brain inflammation...