Yoshikazu Tanaka

..All three classes of pigments act as visible signals to attract insects, birds and animals for pollination and seed dispersal. They also protect plants from damage caused by UV and visible light...

..Moreover, the ability for exclusive accumulation of delphinidin was inherited by the next generations...

..The regulation of gene expression has to be optimized in a target crop as well...

..Although it is possible to generate white, yellow, and pink-flowered torenia plants from blue cultivars by genetic engineering, field trial observations indicate difficulty in obtaining stable phenotypes...

..GFP was expressed in all of the organs including the floral parts. Stable genomic transformation was confirmed by Southern blot analysis. No morphological differences were observed between the transformed plants and their host plants...

..Our findings herein not only demonstrate the biochemical basis of aurone biosynthesis but also open the way to engineering yellow flowers for major ornamental species lacking this color variant...

..This is the first report of the gene isolation of a B-ring-specific glucosyltransferase of anthocyanins, which paves the way to modification of flower color by production of blue anthocyanins...

..RNAi by transcription of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is a powerful and efficient method to command such suppression and is widely used for artificial gene suppression in transgenic plants...

..In contrast, Sesamum alatum CYP81Q3 showed no activity, in accord with (+)-sesamin being deficient in S. alatum. Our findings not only provide insight into lignan biosynthesis but also unravel a unique mode of cytochrome P450 action...

..accumulation of the delphinidin type anthocyanins as a result of flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase gene expression, (2). the presence of the flavone derivative strong co-pigment, and (3). an estimated relatively high vacuolar pH of 5.5...

..In Northern analysis, a transcript of PfAT208 was detected in the young leaves of perilla red forma. The properties of other cDNAs, gentian GAT106 and petunia PhAT48, isolated during the above cloning procedure are also described...

..In accordance with this view, a cysteine-auxotrophic Escherichia coli mutant defective for NADPH-dependent SiR was rescued by co-expression of maize SiR with Fd III but not with Fd I...

..We also isolated a genomic SiR clone named gNtSiR1. It consists of 8 exons and 7 introns. Genomic Southern blot analysis indicated that at least two SiR genes are present in the tobacco genome...

..This substrate specificity of the two reductases is discussed in relation to the NADH- and NADPH-dependent activities of microsomal fatty acid desaturases...

..Petals and anthers of the resultant transgenic petunia plants were salmon pink and contained pelargonidin, an anthocyanidin rarely found in petunia...

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..The derivatives described in the present study should be helpful in future applications as therapeutic proteins and in basic research for discovery of a BTC-specific receptor...

..The biosynthetic pathway of gentiodelphin, a diacylated anthocyanin accumulating in G. triflora petals, is proposed on the basis of these results...

..Among the tested compounds, licoricidin exhibited the highest activity against all tested microorganisms with an MIC of 12.5 microg/mL. Three coumarin derivatives, glycyrol, glycyrin and glycycoumarin also showed antibacterial activity...

..The C-terminal end of helix-1, the N-terminal end of helix-4, and the loop between helices 3 and 4 are used for the interaction. Based on these observations, we propose a model for the UP element-alphaCTD complex...

..Theaceae). Its structure was elucidated on the basis of chemical and spectral analysis. Compound 1 showed inhibitory activity against rat cerebellar nitric oxide synthase (NOS)...

..The constructed human cytochrome c was functionally expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The recombinant human cytochrome c was purified and characterized...

..Thus, in both humans and mice, LARC may be physiologically involved in formation and function of the mucosal lymphoid tissues by attracting lymphocytes and dendritic cells toward epithelial cells...

..8 gy...

..Finally, the entire coding region was amplified and sequenced. The two extracellular loops of the human beta subunit were the least homologous to those of rat and mouse...

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..To investigate the physico-chemical properties of hepatitis E virus (HEV) with regard to inactivation/removal, we have studied four isolates with respect to sensitivity to heat during liquid/dry-heating as well as removal by nanofiltration...

..These results suggest that malonylation should serve as a strategy for pigment stabilization in the flowers...

..The evidence presented here suggest that a complex involving PMADS3 and FBP2 is responsible for specification of organ identity in the third whorl...

..These properties make the BAHD acyl transferases suitable tools for engineering anthocyanins for an improved range of biotechnological applications...

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..Southern blotting analysis of genomic DNA indicates that both 3-GT and 5-GT genes exist in two copies in P. hybrida, respectively. The results are discussed in relation to the molecular evolution of flavonoid glycosyltransferases...

..This might eliminate a large hurdle in studies of the vacuolar-targeting machinery and the organ- and stage-specific differentiation of endomembrane systems in plants...

..We speculate on possible molecular mechanisms underlying these epigenetic phenomena...

..On the basis of these results, we propose that OsRecQ1 may participate in the process that allows inverted repeat DNA to be transcribed into dsRNA, which can trigger RNA silencing...

..Spontaneous mutations in Ipomoea, including a possible founder mutation in the pink allele, are also discussed...

..Our results indicate that RNAi is quite useful for modulations of flower colors of commercially important garden plants...

..Moreover, the introduced Ip3GGT cDNA efficiently produced 3GGT that converted cyanidin 3-O-glucoside into cyanidin 3-O-sophoroside in transgenic petunia plants...

..For this reason, 10,11-epoxidation is more probable than hydroxylation of the aromatic ring, and only 10,11-epoxide is formed...

..This suggests that Ebh might contribute to structural homeostasis by forming a bridge between the cell-wall and cytoplasmic membrane to avoid plasmolysis under hyperosmotic condition...

..Similarly in soybean, C20-LCPUFAs represented up to 19.5% of the total fatty acids in the seeds. These results suggest that M. polymorpha can provide genes crucial to the production of C20-LCPUFAs in transgenic plants...

..PA and CA accumulated in the leaves of transgenic plants. The highest combined yield of PA and CA was 44.7% of total fatty acids, suggesting that PA and CA can be produced in higher plants on a large scale...

..The findings of this metabolic compartmentation may provide a strategy for overcoming the biochemical instability of the precursor chalcones in the cytoplasm, thus leading to the efficient accumulation of aurones in the flower...

..We postulate that alpha-glucosidase inhibitors can prevent the first steps of HPIV3 envelope glycoprotein processing and that the inhibition of glucose trimming has antiviral effects...

..The side chain of Tyr150 was initially in a deprotonated state and was stably present in the active site of the acyl-enzyme complex, being held by Lys67 and Lys315 cooperatively...

..From these results, it is concluded that the contribution of the lysine residue adjacent to the serine residue is indispensable for the enzymatic reactions by serine-beta-lactamases...

..This indicates that RNA silencing spreads in the 5'-3' direction, not in the 3'-5' direction, along the transgene mRNA...

..To our knowledge, this is the first report of MRSP in dogs and humans in a veterinary institution...

..This indicates an importance of the explicit consideration of pi-pi interactions in MD simulation...

..Structural comparison between these two proteins showed the difference in the number of ion pairs around the proposed active site. On the basis of these results, we propose that ST1454 and ST2180 have related but distinct functions...

..80 A. The crystal belongs to space group P3(2)21, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 119.6, c = 129.5 A...